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Urbanization
Land Cover vs. Land Use
- Land Cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land.
- Land Use: Human activities that occur on land.
- Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects.
Land Use
Urban vs. Rural
Urban and Rural Areas
- Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs)
- Rural: Any other type of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)
Urbanization
Urbanization
- Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
- Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.
Rise of Cities
Rise of Cities
- Factors that contribute to the rise of urbanization include population growth and industrialization.
- Most cities are located near a transportation route such as a large body of water, railroad, or highway.
Costs vs. Benefits
Environmental Costs and Benefits
- Costs
- Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
- Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants.
- Imported resources: Fossil fuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.
- Benefits
- Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents
- Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.
- Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.
What is Sprawl?
- The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core
- Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities.
Sprawl
Contributors
Primary Contributors to Sprawl
- Population growth
- Increased per capita land consumption
- On average, these two factors are equally important, but one may be more important than another in a specific city.
Patterns
Patterns of Sprawl
- Uncentered commercial strip development
- Low-density single-use residential development
- Scattered, or leapfrog, development
- Sparse street network
Impacts
Impacts of Sprawl
- Transportation: Little to no public transportation
- Pollution: Increased driving leads to pollution.
- Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
- Land Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms
- Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor
Sustainable Cities
City Planning and Zoning
- City planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing.
- Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of development and land use
- An area can be mixed use or single use.
- Involves restrictions on the use of private land
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
- A line drawn around a city to separate urban areas from rural areas, with limited permission for development
- Advantages: Saves 20% in infrastructure costs compared with sprawl; decreases per capita land use; promotes economic development within the city
- Disadvantages: Does not completely stop sprawl; limits rights of private landowners
Smart Growth and "New Urbanism"
- Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl
- Builds “up,” not “out”
- Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites
- Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive
- Requires good public transportation systems
- Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions
- Green Building Design: The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.
Transportation Options
- Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life
- Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars
- Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
Open Space
- Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement, recreation opportunities
- Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways
- Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air and water, provides habitat
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