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Origin and Effects of propagation of Earthquake Waves

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NCERT

QUESTION:

Types and Effects of propagation of earthquakes

Subject: Geography

Class: 11th

Origin of Earthquakes

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  • Earthquakes occur below the surface of the earth in the lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the crust and the upper mantle.
  • Earthquakes are caused due to tensions in the lithosphere which are caused due to the increase in pressure inside the surface of the earth. These tensions then create tremors which we feel and they are known as earthquakes.

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Types of Earthquake Waves

Body Waves

These are the primary tremors emitted by the earthquakes. They originate at the focus. They are again divided into three parts:

1) P-wave - The primary wave of the earthquake that reaches the surface of the earth at first.

2) S-wave - The second wave of the earthquake that succeeds the P-wave is the s wave. They cause minimal destruction.

3) L-wave - They reach the surface of the earth at last. It's the most powerful among the 3 waves and causes maximum destruction on the surface of the earth.

Surface Waves

When the body waves reach the earth surface, they are called surface waves.

Propagation of Earthquake Waves

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  • P-Wave - They propagate parallel to the tremors of the earthquake. They pass through both solids and liquids.
  • S-wave - They propagate perpendicular to the tremors of the earthquake. They only pass through solids.
  • L-wave - They propagate perpendicular to the tremors of the earthquake. They can pass through both solids and liquids.

Effects of propagation of earthquakes

1) Earthquakes in hilly areas cause avalanches.

2) Earthquakes in oceans and seas cause tsunamis.

3) Causes floods and levee failures.

4) Causes structures to collapse leading to loss of life and property.

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