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Mass Spectrometer
Mass Spectroscopy only detects the ion deflection and no electromagnetic radiation is used in this process.
Bombarded with electrons to ionize the sample
Magnet deflects the ions
Ions are accelerated
A detector will detect which ions get detected based on the strength of the magnet
Sample Element in Gaseous State is placed in the Mass Spectrometer
The bombardment from the electrons knocks off the electrons from the sample creating a positively charged ion sample.
It tells you the relative abundance of various isotopes and their atomic mass.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer
Photoelectron Spectroscopy uses Ultraviolet or X-Ray electromagenetic radiation.
The high energy radiation ejects electrons
The electrons have their kinetic energy measured.
The electrons travel to an energy analyzer
A sample element is hit with x-rays or ultraviolet radiation
The high energy electromagentic radiation (x-ray or ultra violet) excites the electrons which causes it to eject away.
It tells you the binding energies and the relative abundance of electrons at each binding energy.
Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometry uses electromagnetic radiation in the ultra-violet or visible light spectrum.
A light source is shined at a certain wavelength
The detector will detect the amount of light absorbed
If any, light will pass through the solution
A sample solution is placed in a cuvette which is placed in the spectrophotometer.
The visible light and ultra violet radiation can excite electrons and the energy emitted is the color.
It tells you the peak absorbance wave length and that is used as the wavelength for the absorbance at different known concentrations to produce a calibration curve which can estimate concentrations.
Microwave Spectrometer
Microwave Spectrometers use microwaves on the sample.
The sample is hit with microwaves
The change is measured
The microwaves affects the energy of rotational transition of the sample
Sample Element in Gaseous State is placed in the microwave spectrometer
The microwaves causes transitions int he rotational states of the sample.
The change in rotational state tells you the geometical structure, the diople moment, the quadruple coupling constants, and spin rotational constants of the sample.
Infrared Spectrometer
Infrared Spectroscopy uses infrared radiation on the sample.
Infrared radiation passes through the sample
The detector quantifies the IR radiation absorbed
A sample is placed inside the infrared spectrometer
Infrared radiation increases the vibration of molecules stretching bonds
The infrared radiation causes the vibration between molecules to increase and stretches the bonds.
It tells you toe percent transmittance at various wave numbers which gives information about the molecules functional groups.