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Waste Utilization
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Waste Utilization
Biomethanation Plant
WtE Plant
Delhi's Waste Scenario
Introduction
Potential Resource
Aim
Aim
The aim of this project is to utilize waste being generated in Delhi. This would include-
1.Using wet waste (biodegradable waste) for the production of bio CNG and bio PNG. Further injecting the gas produced into the city grid
2.Using the waste being generated as a power source and injecting the same into the power distributing grid.
- Roughly 10,000 tons a day
- Estimated that 70% of this waste is collected
- Estimated that 12.5% is processed
Waste Generation
Responsibility of-
- MCD- Municipal Corporation Delhi
- DDA-Delhi Development Authority
- NDMC-New Delhi Municipal Council
- DCB- Delhi Cantonment Board
Responsibility
Waste from Zones
Waste throughout the years
Segregation of MSW
MSW
Major Mandis In Delhi
RESOURCE
- Azadpur Mandi Alone produces about 60 tonnes waste per day
A lot of waste, mainly bio-waste, is generated from sabzi mandis. The major mandis’ of Delhi would be as follows:
Azadpur Sabzi Mandi
Shahdara Sabzi Mandi
Mandawali Sabzi Mandi
Old Delhi Sabzi Mandi
Ghanta Ghar Sabzi Mandi
Arya Pura Sabzi Mandi
Okhla Sabzi Mandi
Mehrauli Sabzi Mandi
Cattle Dung Sources
- Najafgarh Zone
- Bhalwaswa
Najafgarh Region alone produces upto 250 tons of cattle dung per day
Dairy Clusters
Problem
Problem
Out of 294 wards in Delhi, waste is segregated in only 37 and that too not with confidence
2016 Rules for Solid Waste Management give power to ULB's to decide the fine that can be charged if waste is not segregated, but no progress seen
Mixed Waste poses problems of being uneconomical to treat as no definite information about it can be analyzed
Various awareness drives and methods of segregation have been tried and tested but with no success
Solution
Waste Segregation Implemented in Other Countries
1. In Sweden, every municipality is required by law to have its own waste and sanitation ordinance which consists of a waste plan and regulations for waste management
2. In Indonesia, waste can be exchanged for health care facilities. This is a model that can be pondered over upon in our country as we face similar problems of healthcare and waste
3.Columbia Has a similar model as Indonesia of rewarding the public for practicing waste segregation
Biomethanation
Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas. Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.
Bio-Methanation
Process
(Chemical)
Potential
With the waste produced in NCR region, a biomethanation plant can be planned that processes up to 300 tons of cattle dung and 80 tons of wet waste to produce biogas for injecting into CGG or to generate power or both.
The Substrate from the digester will produce 35-40 tones of biofertilizer.
Treated water can be used again in the plant or may even be used for irrigation
The plant will be able to produce 12,500 m^3 of biogas per day in optimum conditions
15% of biogas produced will be used to generate electricity for operation of plant
Cattle Dung
Vegetable Waste
Collection In MC Trucks
Collection In MC trucks
Process
(Technical)
Mixing with Water
Maceration
Mixing of both components
Important factors in digester
Digester
For optimum percentage of methane, the following factors must be under check:
- pH
- Temperature
- Moisture content
Efficiency
The % of methane being produced can be improved by two key factors :
1. pH
2. Particle Size
Best Results
Best Results at pH 7.2!
The methane and carbon-di-oxide composition in the biogas produced with pH 7 was
MethanE =60.8% (v/v)
Carbon dioxide= 36.3% (v/v)
pH
This pH can be maintained by a feedback system which introduces acidic or basic component as required
Alkalinity achieved by lime, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide
Larger the surface area, more methane percentage!
Studies showed the drastic change in amount of methane percentage by reducing particle sizes in biomethanation process
Particle Size
Specifications
Specifications of Project
Tolerable Limits
Costing
Costing
PNGRB GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
Distribution
Gas Quality
Standards
Gas Scrubbing
Technology
Packed Adsorption Column
In this method, the gas is passed through a column with has padding(packing) through the surface and has a sprinkler though which liquid is sprayed.
Vacuum Swing Adsorption
Using special solids, or adsorbents, VSA segregates certain gases from a gaseous mixture under minimal pressure according to the species' molecular characteristics and affinity for the adsorbents.
Insertion Technique
Pressure
The gas must be inserted inside the grid at a slightly higher pressure than the gas already flowing, hence a pump must be attached after the intersection point to make the pressure constant again.
Pressure at joints varies hence the amount at which the gas shall be pumped inside will depend on the location of insertion
Safety Measues
Safety
PNGRB has some regulatory guidelines of the safety provisions in any site that shall be injecting gas into the grid.
Waste to Energy
3 operational plants in Delhi mainly dealing with waste available at landfill site
Waste to Energy
Proposal for 4 more plants was issued in January
Advantages-
- Takes Care of Waste
- Generates Power
- Generates Employment
- Takes care of need for land for landfill
Perks of WtE Plant
100 tonnes per day of municipal solid waste (MSW) is required to generate 1 MW of power
With Roughly 4000 Tonnes on MSW being generated in Delhi per day, 40MW power plant can be produced ideally
Power Generation
Delhi Grid Code (DGC) lays down the regulations, guidelines and standards
Grid Parameter Variations
1.Frequency Variation
Rated frequency of the system shall be 50.0 Hz and shall normally be controlled within the limits as per Regulations specified by the Authority.
2.Voltage Variation
The variations of voltage may not be more than the voltage range specified in the Regulations framed by the Authority.
Power Injection into Grid
Voltage
Environmental
Concerns
EPA made Environmental Impact
Assessment mandatory for WtE plants
The location of the WTE plant in the urban area of the major cities and the effluent discharged by them would contribute significantly to risks towards human health
provisions under Water Act and Air Act along with respective Rules therein, facilitate the conceptualization of WTE Plant in accordance with the requirements
of the EIA notifications