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Moroccan Independence

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1884

1884

The Race for Arica was a process of colonization, occupation, and negotiation of periodic border adjustments in Africa by European powers during the New Imperialism period and World War I. The motive of this act was largely for the sake of governing, extracting resources, and in colonial’s power perspective, uplifting subject population. In 1884, Spain declared colonial control of areas in northern Morocco between Cape Blanc and Cape Boujdour as its protectorate. Spain’s claim to the Spanish Sahara, present-day Western Sahara, was recognized. Its colonial control was viewed as extremely significant by the British, who a few miles away across the Mediterranean controlled the country of Gibraltar. This provided security to the British colonial power since the territory just across the sea was controlled by an ally, Spain, as opposed to France, a rival to Britain’s power in Africa.

Source:

Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa: White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Continent, 1876 to 1912. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

1904

1904

Describe theFrom the middle of the 19th century, Morocco suffered from indebtedness which lead to the 1904 loan. Firstly, it was caused by the Sultanate’s lack of resources because of the opposition between the bled el-Makhsen (ruled directly by the State) and the bled el-Makhsen (governed directly by the State), which required substantial military outlays while still failing to regulate the situation. Also, Morocco has chronic trade deficit since the end of the 1870s. As a result, Morocco signed a treaty with Great Britain in 1856 opening its borders to trade. The settlement involved the “right of protection” - exemption from all taxes - which the European took advantage of draining Morocco’s fiscal resources and sabotaged the Sultan’s authority. France used the country’s public debt to colonies Morocco. In 1904, Théophile Delcassé, foreign prime minister of France, was slowly securing French dominance in Morocco, while trying not to offend its rival, Great Britain, under imperial competition. On April 8, 1904, France and the United Kingdom signed the “Entente Cordiale” to settle colonial controversies; French acknowledgment of British rule in Egypt and British acceptance of French protectorate in Morocco. events that happened.

Source:

Barbe, Adam. “When France Used the Public Debt to Colonise Morocco.” Orient XXI, 15 Feb. 2017, orientxxi.info/magazine/when-france-used-the-public-debt-to-colonise-morocco,1719.

1906

On January 16th, 1906, the Algeciras Conference was held due to the First Moroccan Crisis, an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco between European powers. The Algeciras Conference was an international gathering attended by the German empire and its allies, Austro-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy; France and its allies, the Russian Empire, The United Kingdom of Britain, and Ireland; the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, as well as, Sweden. These nations would have to decide which Moroccan should be governed by which European powers: Casablanca, Rabat, Larache, and Tangier. The two central countries in this issue were Germany and France. His willingness to ally with France and his recognition that most European nations have sided with France, Wilhelm II, German emperor, agreed to the majority of France’s demands in Morocco. Its negotiation set Morocco under European surveillance, seemingly to reform, industrialize, and internationalize the nation’s finical system.

Source:

Barbe, Adam. “When France Used the Public Debt to Colonise Morocco.” Orient XXI, 15 Feb. 2017, orientxxi.info/magazine/when-france-used-the-public-debt-to-colonise-morocco,1719.

“The Algeciras Conference of 1906.” History Learning Site, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-one/causes-of-world-war-one/the-algeciras-conference-of-1906/.

1906

1912

1912

The Treaty of Fez signed on the 30th of March, 1912, saw that Sultan Abdelhafid agreed to allow Morocco to become a French protectorate ending the Second Moroccan crisis of 1911, an international crisis sparked by French expansion in Morocco. For Germany to allow the French expansion and recognize the French protectorate in Morocco, it would have to receive some territories in the French Equatorial African colony (now the Republic of Congo) along with its other colonies in German West Africa. Also, as part of the treaty, Germany gave France a small area of its territories which is now part of present-day Chad. An agreement signed later that year between Spain and France, gave Spain zones of influence in Northern Morocco, Rif and Cape of Juby, which formed Spanish Morocco. The Treaty of Fez also granted the utilization of iron mines of Mount Uxion to the Spanish Rif Mines Company, which allowed them the ability to build railroads connecting them with mines in Melilla, another Spanish colony in northern Africa. The treaty was seen as a betrayal by Moroccan nationalist which started the Fez riots and the War of the Rif.

Source:

Revolvy, LLC. “"Treaty Of Fez" on Revolvy.Com.” Revolvy, www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Treaty%2Bof%2BFez&item_type=topic.

1921

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Through the Treaty of Fez, Spain was given two cities in the northern Rif Mountains, Ceuta and Melilla. At the beginning of the 1920s, General Damaso Berenguer, a Spanish commissioner, wanted to control territories in the northeast which already had settlers known as Jibala tribes, and the Rif tribes bring them together. In 1921, Abd-el-Krim became president of the Republic of the Rif and the leader of the rebellion against the Spanish in the Rif Mountains. The Spanish were not able to unite the tribes together, and their attempts at having authority over the tribes were prevented by Abd-el-Krim. He was able to bring the tribes together and defeat Spanish troops, who suffered significant losses. The Battle of Annual on July 22, 1921, saw that Spain lost 20,000 men and was brought all the way back to Melilla. 1925, France was forced to join the war in alliance with Spain. With dual power, the French and the Spanish were able to seize the rebels and control them, with France attacking from the south and the Spanish from the north. The French-Spanish army had 250,000 men outnumbering the tribes and advanced weaponry that was superior to the Rif tribes. The Republic of Rif was able to last for six years until the Abd-el-Krim was defeated surrendering on April 27, 1926.

Source:

Rif War (Spanish History), Encyclopedia Britannica Online; Morocco: The Spanish Zone, Encyclopedia Britannica Online; The

Imperial Collection - The Republic of the Rif, Imperial-collection.net)

1943

1943

In 1943, Ahmed Balafrej and Allal al-Fas founded the Istiqlal movement which drew its power from northern cities, specifically Fez, which had an emerging nationalist, leftist movement. They issued a charter calling for independence from France and turning into a constitutional monarchy under the governance of a sultan on the 11th of January, 1944. The French government responded by firing at protesters in Casablanca resulting in the death of dozens of individuals. Elections were held in 1951 but were boycotted by the nationalist parties. Riots held in Casablanca showed a massive clash between the nationalists and the French troops which killed almost a hundred people. Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Yusef, who took part in the nationalist movement, is dethroned and sent into exile. The Conflict phase, which lasted between August 19th and November 5th of 1955, was a continuation of military hostilities between the French government and the nationalists.

Source:

“University of Central Arkansas UCA.” Political Science,

uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/francemorocco-1930-1956/.

1956

1956

Eventually, the French government caves in; in November 1955 the French government accepts Moroccan independence, and Muhammad V is brought back from exile. In March 1956, marks the end of the French protectorate in Morocco and Morocco’s independence from France. Four years after, Morocco is back to its pre-colonial borders and is governed by its pre-colonial dynasty. Hoping to transition himself into a monarch, Muhammad V declares that his first act is to turn the nation into a constitutional monarchy, in which he received the title of king in 1957. He dies in 1961 before the formation of a constitution and is succeeded by his son King Hassan II. Hassan’s reign was known for Morocco’s territorial disputes between its neighbours, Algeria and Mauritania. During the French colonial period, the Moroccan-Algerian border was redrawn to Algeria’s advantage. The region in between the border is rich in iron ore which holds economic importance consequently leading to Hassan’s rejection of the border and fighting against it. In 1970, a compromise was attained through which the two nations in a partnership will exploit the iron ore. The second dispute is in the south concerning the Spanish Sahara which Hassan concentrates all his energy on winning.

Source:

HISTORY OF MOROCCO, historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?historyid=ac97.

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