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Current teeth whitening treatments usually use carbamide peroxide , hydrogen peroxide , or both . Recently, agents containing enzymes for teeth bleaching have also been introduced . Carbamide and hydrogen peroxide work the same way. Carbamide peroxide decomposes intraorally into hydrogen peroxide and urea, but the compound responsible for the bleaching effect is hydrogen peroxide. When the bleaching process is carried out, hydrogen peroxide operates by diffusion and enamel oxidation, breaking the bonds between colored staining molecules. Therefore, the stains remain on the teeth, but become invisible to the naked eye
Tao Jiang et al. evaluated in 2008 [26] the effect of a combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on color, micro hardness and morphology of human tooth enamel. The use of a 30% HP solution resulted in significant micro hardness loss and morphological changes of enamel. HA could significantly reduce the micro hardness loss of enamel caused by 30% HP and keep the enamel surface morphology almost unchanged. However, combination of HA and HP was not able to create a better whitening effect than HP alone.
Jung-Hyun Son concluded that a whitening treatment applied on bovine teeth treated with whitening gel containing 35% hydrogen peroxide led to dramatically decreased enamel crystallinity.
The use of natural products in dentistry has been described in various situations, such as oral hygiene products. In 2000, Yu et al. tested the in vitro capacity of the stain removal efficiency of two new fluoride dentifrices containing essential oils which showed effective results. In a 4-week clinical trial, in 2010 Xie et al.tested the effect of toothpaste containing d-limonene on natural extrinsic smoking stains. For comparison and contrast purposes, the effects of d-limonene on tea stains were also assessed. In another study, Kalyana et al. tested the stain removal effectiveness by a novel dentifrice containing papain and Bromelain extracts. They concluded that there were significant results on stain removal with the new whitening dentifrice when comparing control samples
smoking stains
Activated charcoal in toothpaste may help remove surface stains on your teeth. Charcoal is mildly abrasive and is also able to absorb surface stains to some degree. There is no evidence, though, that it has any effect on stains below a tooth's enamel, or that it has a natural whitening effect