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World War 1 and World War 2 Timeline
by Deegan Norris
European Colonization of Africa and Asia
Many European countries started to colonize many nations if the continents of Africa and Asia including Vietnam, South Africa, and many more. European countries that were involved in this colonization include Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Spain. The United States and Japan also were involved in the colonizing, but only in Asia.
European Colonization of Africa and Asia
1870-1914
Causes of European Colonization
Causes
Many colonies were started because of the need for certain materials in different countries. Countries also wanted to spread their beliefs and their religions to other nations, and also some countries justified their colonization with the "White Man's Burden", saying that it was their responsibility to show the other races the correct way to do things. The Industrial Revolution also helped speed up colonization with the invention of steamboats and more advanced weaponry like the maxim gun and better rifles.
Effects of Colonization
European culture becomes more normalized around the world, but more racism occurs in parts of the world towards people of color. Many nations are industrialized by their European colonizers, and more jobs are available for the people in those colonies. Local fighting between nations is reduced in Africa due to colonization. Many traditions in colonized nations' cultures are ruined and ethnic, cultural, and tribal values of the colonized nations are ignored by many of the European countries.
Effects
World War 1
World War 1 was kicked off with the assassination of Austria-Hungarian leader Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian Nationalist/Terrorist group by the name of "The Black Hand". Declarations of war brought in Russia, Germany, France, Britain, and Italy into the war. The war was very slow as trench warfare was used in battle across almost every front. Midway through the war, Italy decides to switch to the Allied Powers and helps fight against Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire joined the war, and Africa became part of the war. In 1917, America joins the war after Germany sinks many of their ships as Russia exits that same year due to a revolution in their country. Japan also joins late into the war to take out German colonies in the Pacific. The end of the war comes in November of 1918, when the Central Powers surrender and sign the Treaty of Versailles.
World War 1
1914-1918
The Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme was an offensive involving the French and British armies against the German army that took place between July 1 1916- November 18 1916. The offensive took place in the area surrounding the River Somme in Northern France. It was one of the most costly battles for the Allied forces and was largely unsucessful for them. During this offensive, the British forces lost around 420,000 soldiers and the French army lost around 200,000. They inflicted around 445,000 casualties to the German army. The plan for this offensive was to hit a weak point in the German forces on the Western front to allow an encirclement of their frontlne forces. The attack was largely unsuccessful and only resulted in minimal territory gain.
Important Event: Battle of the Somme/ Somme Offensive
Causes of World War 1
Aggressive militarism is one of the causes of World War 1. Conscription double armies, and industrialization allowed more powerful weapons to be made and they were being made faster. One factor that contributed in starting WW1 was the fact that many countries had entangling alliances with one another and it was very complicated, so if anything happened, there would be so many countries involved all of a sudden. Rivalries between countries also heated things up, as well as the increasing amount of nationalism in many of the countries, and the cheering for a war to happen to get new land by people.
Causes
Effects of World War 1
One effect of World War 1 is the downfall of the Russian Empire and the start of the U.S.S.R. Germany was also forced to downsize their military, as well as give up a lot of their land, along with the Austria-Hungarian Empire, and created 9 new countries. Those 9 countries were Poland, Finland, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The League of Nations was created, although it was not very effective, and more advanced technology was being researched for militaries after the war. The total number of combined military and civilian casualties added up to around 40 million at the end of the war. Germany was blamed soley responsible and had to pay around $269 billion in today's money.
Effects
Post WW1/ Great Depression
A major part of the post-WW1 timeline is the Great Depression, where the stock market in America crashed in late 1929 and caused major economic problems across the world. Inflation was also a big problem during the economic crisis. Changes in ideologies also occured during this interwar period.
Post WW1/ Great Depression
1918-1939
Causes to the Great Depression and other post-WW1 issues
There were a few causes to the Great Depression, one of them being that many people were skeptical of the market, and a lot of people didn't know how it worked. Another cause of the Great Depression is the stock market crash in 929, as well as bank failures and panic. Another contributing part to the Great Depression was a major drought that caused many dust storms, and lasted throughout the 1930s called the Dust Bowl.
Causes
Effects of the Great Depression and post-WW1 issues
Inflation became a big problem in parts of Europe like Germany where they tried printing out a lot of money to pay off their WW1 debts. Unemployment and homelessness started to become rampant across the world because of the market crash. Import substitution industrialization became a opular response to the crisis in South and Central America, and Democratic socialism became a popular respones in Europe and North America.
Effects
World War 2
World War 2 was the deadliest war in human history, inflicting 70-85 million deaths during the conflict. Involving more than 50 nations, the war officially lasted from September 1, 1939- September 2, 1945, although there were battles before 1939 that are partially part of the war. There were two main sides; the Allied Powers with the main powers being the USSR, the US, and Great Britian, and the Axis powers with the main powers being Nazi Germany, Imeprial Japan, and Italy. It was during this war that some of the most atrocious war crimes in history were commited, like the Holocaust and the Nanjing Massacre/Rape of Nanking as well as many others comitted by both sides. Many countries were dragged in mid-war like the United States, when they were bombed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Empire on December 7, 1941.
World War 2
1939-1945
D-Day/Operation Neptune
Important Event: D-Day/Operation Neptune
D-Day was the largest amphibious landing ever, with 156,000 troops and 196,000 naval personal being used in the operation. There were five main landing locations on the beaches of the Normandy coast, Omaha, Utah, Juno, Sword, and Gold. US soldiers landed at Utah and Omaha, British troops landed at Sword and Gold, and Canadian soldiers landed at Juno. Naval and aerial bombardments aimed to hit the shore defenses before the soldiers and tanks landed, but damage was minimal in a lot of areas. This caused many casualties when they landed, but they were eventually able to capture the shore and allowed more forces onto the beaches. Many of the tanks' boats were sunk before they even reached the shore, and the ones that did reach it were basically immobile. The taking of the beach allowed more Allied forces to land to help liberate France from the German forces
Causes of World War 2
There were many causes for WW2, one of them being the fact that the new leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler, violated the Treaty of Versailles by growing the military, developing an air force, and moving troops into the Rhineland. Another cause of WW2 is Japan's imperialism in the Pacific and its invasions of other countries to get more resources. One more reason that WW2 started was the European powers appeasing Hitler by letting basically take any reigion he wanted to without any opposition.
Causes
Effects of World War 2
World War 2 effected so many parts of the world and ruined many lives. One effect of WW2 is the spread of communism due to the USSR's push into Berlin and their soldiers spreading it to everybody they passed. Many European powers started to decline because colonies were given up and gained independence, and the U.S. started its rise to become a superpower. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations, and the European Union was formed.
Effects
The Cold War
The Cold War wasn't really an actual war, but it began right after World War 2 when Germany and Berlin were split up between the Western powers of the UK, US and France, and Eastern power of the USSR. Western Germany and Berlin went to the Western countries, with Eastern Germany and Berlin going to the USSR. The Cold War was "fought" between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The Western Bloc included the US, UK, France, Western Germany, Greece, Turkey, Spain, and basically anyone with major ties to those powers. The Eastern Bloc included the USSR, China, North Korea, and basically anything in Eastern Europe besides Greece and Turkey. Many proxy wars were started between US and USSR backed countries, some notable ones being the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002), and the Congo Crisis (1960-1965). The Cold War ended in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR on December 26th of that year.
The Cold War
1945-1991
Causes of the Cold War
There were several reasons for the start of the Cold War, like the fear of communism in the US. Another reason for the Cold War starting was emergence of nuclear weapons and the threats to use them. Tensions between the US and the USSR were also very high, even during WW2 when they were allies.
Causes
Effects of the Cold War
The Cold War created effects all around the world, like the Syrian Civil War and the production of more advanced space technology because of the Space Race. Communism also started to lose a lot of its power across the world, and only a few countries have communist ideologies in their governments. Many countries also became free from their annexation by the USSR because of its collapse. Nuclear weapons and military weaponry in general became more powerful because of the arms race that occurred during the Cold War.