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HUMSS 5
Philippine Politics and Governance
HUMSS
5
1899 - 1901
EMILIO AGUINALDO In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence
Aguinaldo ordered schools open. Elementary education was made compulsory and free
“Instituto de Burgos” offered courses in agriculture, surveying, and commerce, as well as a complete A.B course
a government decree fixed the opening date of the "Universidad Literia". While the courses offered were Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, and Notary Public
Professors were appointed by the President of the Philippines.
“We cannot free ourselves unless we move forward united in a single desire.”
1935 - 1944
MANUEL QUEZON President Quezon was given the power, under the Reorganization Act, to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in the Philippines in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, although a Filipino was always appointed chief justice, the majority of the members of the Supreme Court were Americans.
Quezon fought for passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934), which provided for full independence for the Philippines 10 years after the creation of a constitution and the establishment of a Commonwealth government that would be the forerunner of an independent republic.
“I want our people to be like a molave tree, strong and resilient, standing on the hillsides, unafraid of the rising tide, lighting and the storm, confident of its strength.”
1943 - 1945
President Laurel is one of the Philippine president who served the three branches of national government. He became a senator-congressman, associate justice and a president of the second republic.
He managed to provide domestic policies that brought consumer goods under control and ensured that there was no food shortage.
He was involved in foreign policies such as the Philippine-Japanese Treaty of Alliance that was signed by Claro M. Recto.
He played an essential role in the Greater East Asia Conference. He later declared the country under martial law in 1944, which made known the existence of the state of war between the Philippines and the United States
“We should realize that national and individual progress can only be attained through work, more work, and more hard hard work.”
1944 - 1946
In 1906, Osmeña became president of the first convention of provincial governors, which urged eventual independence. In 1907 he was unanimously elected speaker of the Assembly, a post he held for 9 years.
Restoration of the Commonwealth -With Manila liberated,General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, on behalf of the United States, turned over the reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth President, Sergio Osmeña, on 27 February 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at the Malacañang Palace.
Government reorganization -President Osmeña proceeded with the immediate reorganization of the government and its diverse dependencies. On 8 April 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to its component members. Later, President Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually reestablished.
The First Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank
Following the restoration of the Commonwealth government, Congress was reorganized. Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected Senate President and Senate President pro tempore, respectively. In the House of Representatives, Jose Zulueta of Iloilo was elected Speaker and Prospero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of the Congress was personally addressed by President Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth Government in exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation.
“We shall, as a free and self-respecting nation, fulfill our duties not only to ourselves but also to the entire freedom-loving world by participating in the establishment and preservation of a just peace for the benefit of mankind.”
1944 - 1946
MANUEL ROXAS Was the last president of the Commonwealth and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. His administration demonstrated decisively that political sovereignty without economic independence encourages reaction, perpetuation of social injustices, and exploitation.
Amnesty Proclamation, President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all so-called Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President José P. Laurel
Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the communist group Hukbalahap movement on March 6, 1948. It had become an imperative in view of the resurgence of Huk activities, following the unseating of the seven Communists, led by Huk Supremo Luis Taruc through acts of terrorism
“We want to see a world where people will have enough and none will have too little”
1948 - 1953
ELPIDIO QUIRINO Presidency of five years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains and increased economic aid from the United States.
Kapayapaan at Kaayusan act or peace and order granted Amnesty to virtually all members of the communist group HukBaLaHap.
Economic Development Corporation (EDCOR) is a government program giving home for the surrendered HukBaLaHap members to provide a normal life for them
He created the Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption During his term
“So live that you can look at every man straight in the eye”
1953 - 1957
RAMON MAGSAYSAY Was the seventh Philippine president. His term was considered the Golden years. Credited with restoring peace, law, and order during the Philippine crisis of the 1950s and the Hukbalahap rebellion, he was the first Philippine president from the landless lower middle class, the petit bourgeois stratum of society.
He established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian reforms He made the Philippine a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) is an act that governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) is an act that establsihed the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations
Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent
“I believe that he who has less in life should have more in law”
1957 - 1961
CARLOS GARCIA He became president of the Philippines in March 1957, upon the death of Pres. Ramon Magsaysay, and was elected to a full four-year term the same year. He maintained the strong traditional ties with the United States and sought closer relations with non-communist Asian countries. In the election of November 1961 he was defeated by Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal.
On March 3, 1960, he affirmed the need for complete economic freedom and added that the government no longer would tolerate the dominance of foreign interests in the national economy. He promised to shake off "the yoke of alien domination in business, trade, commerce and industry."
In the face of the trying conditions in the country, Garcia initiated what has been called "The Austerity Program". His administration was characterized by its austerity program and its insistence on a comprehensive nationalist policy.
Garcia was also credited with his role in reviving Filipino cultural arts.
“I would rather be right than successful. I would rather keep faith with justice than with power.”
1961- 1965
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL As President worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls.
Socio-economic program The removal of controls and the restoration of free enterprise was intended to provide only the fundamental setting in which Macapagal could work out economic and social progress
The Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program is a project that could be seen that it aimed at the following objectives;
•immediate restoration of economic stability
•alleviating the plight of the common man
•establishing a dynamic basic for future growth. Free enterprise was restored with decontrol.
He placed the Philippine peso on the free currency exchange market and encouraged exports.
He established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
“The strength of the nation lies in the well-being of the common man.”
1965 - 1986
FERDINAND MARCOS As Philippine president led his country in its post-war reconstruction. Initially, his intentions were commendable, to improve the economy and to increase agricultural productivity and to dismantle the oligarchy that had dominated the nation. His greatest achievements were in the areas of infrastructure development, safeguarding the country against communism, and international diplomacy.
His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructures nationwide, such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Great Maharlika Highway or Asian Highway 26.
Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study nuclear science and technology abroad, Marcos further spent 2.6 billion dollars on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant that would provide energy for the entirety of Luzon, but it was later mothballed by the Aquino administration.
The GDP of the Philippines rose during the his term, rising from $8.0 billion to $32.5 billion in about 8 years. This growth was spurred by massive lending from commercial banks, accounting for about 62% percent of external debt.
The country has attained self-sufficiency in rice and corn one year ahead of the deadline set for it by the administration.
Investments in 1967, according to preliminary figures of the NEC, amounted to P5.375 billion compared to P4.562 billion in 1966, showing a growth rate of 17.8%. An independent, nongovernmental source, the Economic Development Foundation, places the figure at P5.614 billion, or an increase of 23%
“There are many things we do not want about the world. Let us not just mourn them. Let us change them.”
1986 - 1992
CORAZON AQUINO as a president has restored democracy by abolishing the legislature, declaring a revolutionary government, and appointing a fifty-member commission to write a new constitution, approved in 1987. In 1988, she oversaw the re-implementation of local elections and, in 1992, the first presidential election
She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during martial law, and instead promulgated the provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution, pending the ratification of a new Constitution by the people that would later be known as the 1987 Philippine constitution.
She signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
Since 1986, the Aquino administration has paid off $4 billion of the country's outstanding debts to regain good international credit ratings and attract the attention of future markets.
“I would rather die a meaningful death than to live a meaningless life.”
1992 - 1998
FIDEL RAMOS Ramos, the 12th President of the Philippines (1992–1998), is remembered for steadfastly promoting the principles of people empowerment and global competitiveness. In 1993, he put an end to the power crisis that crippled Filipino homes and industries for two years.
Ramos implemented a comprehensive Social Reform Agenda (SRA) that addressed the long-standing problem of poverty: jobs and livelihood, health, education and skills training, housing, environmental protection, children and the youth, the elderly and the handicapped, agrarian reform, and access to equal opportunity.
Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC). During his term, he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of Sciece and Technology.
“What you see at the beginning and think you know is absolutely not what you’re going to know at the end.”
1998 - 2001
JOSEPH ESTRADA Estrada reached the pinnacle of his political career when he was elected President of the Republic in the May 11, 1998 national elections. With almost 11 million Filipinos writing his name on the ballot, his margin of victory was the biggest ever registered in Philippine electoral history
Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured during his presidency.
He was credited with the passage of, among other pieces of legislation, the bills on irrigation project and the protection of carabaos.
“I hope the truth shall eventually give me back my freedom.”
2001 - 2010
GLORIA MACAPAGAL Arroyo as president was commended on stabilizing the Philippine economy during the great recession. She introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls.
She implemented various projects and policies towards the attainment of food security and self-sufficiency, particularly the FIELDS program, launched by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in April 2008.
Gloria Arroyo oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her.
Philippine Peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 during her term.
“The power of one, if fearless and focused, is formidable, but the power of many working together is better.”
2010 - 2016
BENIGNO AQUINO lll Aquino introduce reforms on the Philippines education program by introducing the K-12 curriculum, by signing into law the Enhanced Basic Education Act in 2013. This add two years to the basic education system; which became known as the Senior High School stage.
President Benigno Aquino III approves four big irrigation projects that would boost irrigation development of the country.
President Aquino oversaw the Government Peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in October 2012.
Social services received the highest share of the national budget, with social intervention and protection programs at the core of the poverty reduction goal of the administration.
“I had a simple goal in life: to be true to my parents and our country as an honorable son, caring brother, and a good citizen.”
2016 - Present
RODRIGO DUTERTE was listed in Forbes list of World’s Most Powerful Leaders for his effective intervention on crime, corruption, mainstream oligarchies and drugs. He enacted educational laws and massive infrastructure projects, the Duterte administration has attained countless and unprecedented achievements in various aspects in public administration.
He proposed and enacted several tax reform acts, which includes Sin Tax Law, Tax Amnesty Act, and most prominently the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law, which lowered personal income tax and reduces government coercion on personal economic trade.
Massive infrastructure development moves the Philippines into the Golden age of infrastructure. Projects include 144,925 classrooms, 2,036 school workshop buildings, and other school facilities. The construction of 26,494 kilometers of roads, 5,555 bridges, and 10,376 flood control structures that improved travel safety and convenience, which paved the way for people's socio-economic improvement.
He enacted the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act which paved the way for free college education in all state universities and colleges nationwide.
The administration proposed the AmBisyon 2040 which aims to eradicate poverty by the year 2040 through universal access to education, healthcare and employment. During the 4 years since it was enacted, the national poverty rate declined from 21.6% to 16.6%.
The administration has made several contributions to the agricultural sector which includes signing the Organic Agriculture Act, approving the Rice Tariffication Law, irrigation projects and the Php66-billion agricultural stimulus package.
The administration's continued support on the law enforcement sector and his controversial "war on drugs" has significantly reduced drug-related crimes and saw the decrease of overall crimes by 63% compared to the previous administration.
“I don't care if I burn in hell for as long as the people I serve live in paradise”