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network fundamentals
7
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
NAME AND MATRIK :-
- MAZ ZARIFAH SHAHIRAH BINTI MUSA (01DDT18F1203)
- Wan Kiasatina Kamilia (01DDT18F1132)
- NUR FATIN ASYIKIN BINTI ZAINI (01DDT18F1193)
- NUR SHAFIQA BINTI ABDUL JALIL (01DDT18F1188)
- Nor Hadirah Binti Cik'Muda (01DDT18F1127)
INTERNET
DEFINITION
OF THE INTERNET ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES :
1
Internet access is the process of connecting to the internet using personal computers, laptops or mobile devices by users or enterprises. Internet access is subject to data signalling rates and users could be connected at different internet speeds. Internet access enables individuals or organizations to avail internet services/web-based services.
DEFINITION
TYPE OF
CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET
TYPE OF CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET
1. 2.
REMOTE USERS
REMOTE USERS
The figure illustrates common connection options for small office and home office users:
- Cable - Typically offered by cable television service providers, the Internet data signal is carried on the same cable that delivers cable television. It provides a high bandwidth, always on, connection to the Internet.
- DSL - Digital Subscriber Lines provide a high bandwidth, always on, connection to the Internet. DSL runs over a telephone line. In general, small office and home office users connect using Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL), which means that the download speed is faster than the upload speed.
- Cellular - Cellular Internet access uses a cell phone network to connect. Wherever you can get a cellular signal, you can get cellular Internet access. Performance will be limited by the capabilities of the phone and the cell tower to which it is connected.
- Satellite - The availability of satellite Internet access is a real benefit in those areas that would otherwise have no Internet connectivity at all. Satellite dishes require a clear line of sight to the satellite.
- Dial-up Telephone - An inexpensive option that uses any phone line and a modem. The low bandwidth provided by a dial-up modem connection is usually not sufficient for large data transfer, although it is useful for mobile access while traveling.
Many homes and small offices are more commonly being connected directly with fiber optic cables. This enables an ISP to provide higher bandwidth speeds and support more services such as Internet, phone, and TV.
The choice of connection varies depending on geographical location and service provider availability.
BUSINESSES
BUSINESSES
Corporate connection options differ from home user options. Businesses may require higher bandwidth, dedicated bandwidth, and managed services. Connection options available differ depending on the type of service providers located nearby.
The figure illustrates common connection options for businesses:
- Dedicated Leased Line - Leased lines are actually reserved circuits within the service provider’s network that connect geographically separated offices for private voice and/or data networking. The circuits are typically rented at a monthly or yearly rate. They can be expensive.
- Ethernet WAN - Ethernet WANs extend LAN access technology into the WAN. Ethernet is a LAN technology you will learn about in a later chapter. The benefits of Ethernet are now being extended into the WAN.
- DSL - Business DSL is available in various formats. A popular choice is Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL) which is similar to the consumer version of DSL, but provides uploads and downloads at the same speeds.
- Satellite - Similar to small office and home office users, satellite service can provide a connection when a wired solution is not available.
The choice of connection varies depending on geographical location and service provider availability.
There are many predictions about the Internet in the near future, including the following:
THE CHANGING OF NETWORK ENVIRONMENT
By 2014, traffic from wireless devices will exceed traffic from wired devices.
By 2015, the amount of content traversing the Internet annually will be 540,000 times time the amount that traveled in 2003.
By 2015, 90 percent of all content on the Internet will be video based.
By 2015, a million video minutes will traverse the Internet every second.
By 2016, the annual global IP traffic will surpass the zetabyte threshold (1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes).
By 2016, the number of devices connected to IP networks will be nearly three times as high as the global population.
By 2016, 1.2 million minutes of video content will cross the network every second.
By 2020, 50 billion devices will be connected to the Internet.
New Trends (1.4.1.1)
As new technologies and end user devices come to market, businesses and consumers must continue to adjust to this ever-changing environment. The role of the network is transforming to enable the connections between people, devices, and information. There are several new networking trends that will affect organizations and consumers. Some of the top trends include
- Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
- Online collaboration
- Video communication
- Cloud computing
- Data centers
- Technology trends in the home : power line networking and wireless broadband.
THE CHANGING OF THE NETWORK ENVIRONMENT
THE NETWORK TRENDS:
THE NETWORK TRENDS
1
2
3
4
5
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BYOD
Bring Your Own Device(BYOD)
The concept of any device, to any content, in any manner, is a major global trend that requires significant changes to the way devices are used. This trend is known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD).
BYOD is about end users having the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate across a business or campus network. With the growth of consumer devices, and the related drop in cost, employees and students can be expected to have some of the most advanced computing and networking tools for personal use. These personal tools include laptops, netbooks, tablets, smartphones, and e-readers. These can be devices purchased by the company or school, purchased by the individual, or both.
BYOD means any device, with any ownership, used anywhere. For example, in the past, a student who needed to access the campus network or the Internet had to use one of the school’s computers. These devices were typically limited and seen as tools only for work done in the classroom or in the library. Extended connectivity through mobile and remote access to the campus network gives students tremendous flexibility and more learning opportunities for the student.
Online Collaboration
ONLINE COLLABORATION
Individuals want to connect to the network, not only for access to data applications, but also to collaborate with one another. Collaboration is defined as “the act of working with another or others on a joint project.” Collaboration tools, like Cisco WebEx shown in the figure, give employees, students, teachers, customers, and partners a way to instantly connect, interact, and achieve their objectives.
For businesses, collaboration is a critical and strategic priority that organizations are using to remain competitive. Collaboration is also a priority in education. Students need to collaborate to assist each other in learning, to develop team skills used in the work force, and to work together on team-based projects.
VIDEO COMMUNICATION
Video Communication
Another trend in networking that is critical to the communication and collaboration effort is video. Video is being used for communications, collaboration, and entertainment. Video calls can be made to and from anywhere with an Internet connection.
Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others at a distance, both locally and globally. Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration as organizations extend across geographic and cultural boundaries. Click Play in the figure to view how TelePresence can be incorporated into everyday life and business.
CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is another global trend changing the way we access and store data. Cloud computing allows us to store personal files, even backup our entire hard disk drive on servers over the Internet. Applications such as word processing and photo editing can be accessed using the Cloud.
For businesses, Cloud computing extends IT's capabilities without requiring investment in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. These services are available on demand and delivered economically to any device anywhere in the world without compromising security or function.
There are four primary types of Clouds, as shown in the figure: Public Clouds, Private Clouds, Hybrid Clouds, and Custom Clouds. Click each Cloud to learn more.
Cloud computing is possible because of data centers. A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components. A data center can occupy one room of a building, one or more floors, or an entire building. Data centers are typically very expensive to build and maintain. For this reason, only large organizations use privately built data centers to house their data and provide services to users. Smaller organizations that cannot afford to maintain their own private data center can reduce the overall cost of ownership by leasing server and storage services from a larger data center organization in the Cloud.
DATA CENTERS
Data Centers
A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components including:
- Redundant data communications connections
- High-speed virtual servers (sometimes referred to as server farms or server clusters)
- Redundant storage systems (typically uses SAN technology)
- Redundant or backup power supplies
- Environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression)
- Security devices
Technology Trends in the Home
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN THE HOME
Networking trends are not only affecting the way we communicate at work and at school, they are also changing just about every aspect of the home.
The newest home trends include ‘smart home technology’. Smart home technology is technology that is integrated into every-day appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated. For example, imagine being able to prepare a dish and place it in the oven for cooking prior to leaving the house for the day. Imagine if the oven was ‘aware’ of the dish it was cooking and was connected to your ‘calendar of events’ so that it could determine what time you should be available to eat, and adjust start times and length of cooking accordingly. It could even adjust cooking times and temperatures based on changes in schedule. Additionally, a smartphone or tablet connection allows the user the ability to connect to the oven directly, to make any desired adjustments. When the dish is “available”, the oven sends an alert message to a specified end user device that the dish is done and warming.
This scenario is not long off. In fact, smart home technology is currently being developed for all rooms within a house. Smart home technology will become more of a reality as home networking and high-speed Internet technology becomes more widespread. New home networking technologies are being developed daily to meet these types of growing technology needs.
Powerline Networking
Powerline Networking
Powerline networking is an emerging trend for home networking that uses existing electrical wiring to connect devices, as shown in the figure. The concept of “no new wires” means the ability to connect a device to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet. This saves the cost of installing data cables and without any additional cost to the electrical bill. Using the same wiring that delivers electricity, powerline networking sends information by sending data on certain frequencies.
Using a standard powerline adapter, devices can connect to the LAN wherever there is an electrical outlet. Powerline networking is especially useful when wireless access points cannot be used or cannot reach all the devices in the home. Powerline networking is not designed to be a substitute for dedicated cabling in data networks. However, it is an alternative when data network cables or wireless communications are not a viable option.
Wireless Broadband
Wireless Broadband
Connecting to the Internet is vital in smart home technology. DSL and cable are common technologies used to connect homes and small businesses to the Internet. However, wireless may be another option in many areas.
Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)
Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) is an ISP that connects subscribers to a designated access point or hot spot using similar wireless technologies found in home wireless local area networks (WLANs). WISPs are more commonly found in rural environments where DSL or cable services are not available.
Although a separate transmission tower may be installed for the antenna, it is common that the antenna is attached to an existing elevated structure, such as a water tower or a radio tower. A small dish or antenna is installed on the subscriber’s roof in range of the WISP transmitter. The subscriber’s access unit is connected to the wired network inside the home. From the perspective of the home user, the setup is not much different than DSL or cable service. The main difference is that the connection from the home to the ISP is wireless instead of a physical cable.
Wireless Broadband Service
Another wireless solution for the home and small businesses is wireless broadband, as shown in the figure. This uses the same cellular technology used to access the Internet with a smart phone or tablet. An antenna is installed outside the house providing either wireless or wired connectivity for devices in the home. In many areas, home wireless broadband is competing directly with DSL and cable services.