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- Understand the whole IMMUNE RESPONSE.
-know the cells.
Lymphocytes Phagocytes
T-lymphocyte B-lymphocyte
Neutrophils Macrophages
1-Attraction (smells it)
2-Recognition (recognizes it)
3-Endocytosis (eats it)
4-Phagocytic vacuole (stomach)
5-Fusion (stomach acids)
6-Digestion
Neutrophils
Macrophages
-Helper T cells
-Killer T cells
-Myeloid stem cells -Lymphoid stem cells
(Neutrophil, Monocytes and platelets) Lymphocytes (T & B)
A vaccine is a preparation containing antigens which is used to stimulate an immune response artificially. It may contain
- a whole live microorganism
- a dead one
- a harmless one (live attenuated organism or harmless toxin called toxoid).
o Variola virus did not mutate and change its surface
antigen so same vaccine could be used everywhere,
being cheap to produce.
o The vaccine was made from a harmless strain of a
similar virus (vaccinia) and was effective because it
was a ‘live’ vaccine
o Infected people were easy to identify.
o The vaccine was easy to administer
o The smallpox virus did not linger in the body after
an infection
o The virus did not infect animals, which made it
easier to break the transmission cycle.
o Poor response to the vaccine shown by some
children who need several boosters to develop full
immunity.
o It can be difficult to give boosters, follow up cases
of measles and trace contacts in large cities.
o Migrants and refugees can form reservoirs of
infection, experiencing epidemics within their
communities and spreading the disease to
surrounding populations.
-Trastuzumab --> Breast cancer
-Ipilimumab --> Skin cancer (melanoma)
-Infliximab --> Rheumatoid arthritis.
-Rituximab --> Leukemia/Autoimmune diseases