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Transcript

IMMUNITY

Dr Zahraa Al JUMAILI

March 2020

Defense System

(Watch the video)

- Understand the whole IMMUNE RESPONSE.

-know the cells.

Lymphocytes Phagocytes

T-lymphocyte B-lymphocyte

Neutrophils Macrophages

1

Defense CELLS:

Phagocytosis

1-Attraction (smells it)

2-Recognition (recognizes it)

3-Endocytosis (eats it)

4-Phagocytic vacuole (stomach)

5-Fusion (stomach acids)

6-Digestion

Phagocytes

Neutrophils

Macrophages

LYMPHOCYTES

2

T-lymphocyte

-Helper T cells

-Killer T cells

T-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes

antibodies

Number of WBCs

3

Origin of WBCs in the bone marrow:

-Myeloid stem cells -Lymphoid stem cells

(Neutrophil, Monocytes and platelets) Lymphocytes (T & B)

Vaccines

A vaccine is a preparation containing antigens which is used to stimulate an immune response artificially. It may contain

- a whole live microorganism

- a dead one

- a harmless one (live attenuated organism or harmless toxin called toxoid).

4

Problems with vaccines:

1- Poor response

2-Live virus and herd immunity

3- Antigenic variation

4- Antigenic concealment

-Eradication of smallpox:

o Variola virus did not mutate and change its surface

antigen so same vaccine could be used everywhere,

being cheap to produce.

o The vaccine was made from a harmless strain of a

similar virus (vaccinia) and was effective because it

was a ‘live’ vaccine

o Infected people were easy to identify.

o The vaccine was easy to administer

o The smallpox virus did not linger in the body after

an infection

o The virus did not infect animals, which made it

easier to break the transmission cycle.

Eradication

-Preventing measles

o Poor response to the vaccine shown by some

children who need several boosters to develop full

immunity.

o It can be difficult to give boosters, follow up cases

of measles and trace contacts in large cities.

o Migrants and refugees can form reservoirs of

infection, experiencing epidemics within their

communities and spreading the disease to

surrounding populations.

Active and passive immunity

Active & Passive immunity

Autoimmune Diseases - a case of mistaken identity.

5

Monoclonal Antibodies

-Trastuzumab --> Breast cancer

-Ipilimumab --> Skin cancer (melanoma)

-Infliximab --> Rheumatoid arthritis.

-Rituximab --> Leukemia/Autoimmune diseases

Monoclonal antibodies

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