A&P Ch 1

Chapter 1 - Introduction to A & P

I. Biology - Study of Life

1. Organization- contain one or more cells

2. Homeostasis- Maintain a stable internal environment

3. Metabolism- Organized synthesis and breakdown of molecules;

can produce energy to power life.

a. Anabolism- the building up process

b. Catabolism- the tearing down process

4. Reproduction- making new organism

5. Growth- increase in size

6. Responsiveness-the reaction to a stimulus

7. Evolution- Population changes over time as they adapt to their

environment

8. Heredity- genes are passed from parent to offspring

II. Anatomy & Physiology

Pull out

“Laboratory Exercise: The Characteristics of Life” and fill in Observation & Data for each picture!

1. Anatomy= Internal & external study of body structures.

Ex.s: Surface, Systemic, Developmental, Medical, Radiographic,

& Surgical Anatomy Anatomy.

a. Cytology- Study of the Cell

b. Hystiology- Study of Tissue

2. Physiology= Study of how anatomical structures function

Ex.s: Human, Cellular, Special (cardiology), Systemic,

& Pathological physiology

III. ORGANIZATION LEVELS: Fig. 1-1

1. Chemical (molecular)- Study of atoms & molecules

2. Cellular- Organelles form from molecules. Ex. Nucleus

3. Tissue- group of cells working together. Ex. Skin

4. Organ- two or more tissues working together. Ex. Tongue

5. Organ System- Different organs working together. Ex Digestive

6. Organism- All Organ Systems working together. Ex. You!

IV. ORGAN SYSTEMS: Fig. 1-1 All eleven

V. HOMEOSTASIS: Maintenance of a constant Internal environment.

1. Homeostatic regulation= adjustment of physiological systems in

maintaining homeostasis.

a. Negative Feedback is the primary mechanism of homeostatic

regulation. Ex. Temperature and hormonal control. Fig. 1-2 & 1-3

Now finish the conclusion.

b. Positive Feedback produces a response that exaggerates or enhances

its effect. Ex. Fig.1-4 Blood Clotting

2. Autoregulation- cells, tissues, or systems adjust automatically to change.

3. Extrinsic regulation- Endocrine (Hormone) or nervous system.

VI. SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY:

1. Anatomical Landmarks- Fig. 1-5

a. Anatomical position:

- supine = face UP -prone = face DOWN

b. Anatomical regions:

- abdominopelvic quadrants- clinicians use for aches, pain, & injuries Fig 1-6a

- abdominopelvic regions- shows quadrant relationships & internal

organs. Fig 1-6b

c. Anatomical Directions: Fig1-7

d. Sectional Anatomy- used in electronic imaging techniques.

-transverse section= cross section, hence, superior & inferior sections.

- frontal plane= extends side to side dividing body into Anterior & Posterior.

-sagittal plane= a parallel cut along the long axis= right & left side.

e. Body Cavities allow for: Size variation & organ Protection

1) dorsal body cavity= brain & spinal cord

2) ventral body cavity= Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Cavity separated

by DIAPHRAGM (muscle)

a) Thoracic Cavity- Contains Heart & Lungs

-Pleural Cavities contain the right and left Lungs.

Pleural cavity is lined with the pleura (serous membrane)

Parietal Pleural

PLEURA

Visceral Pleural

-Pericardial Cavities containing Heart lies in the Mediastium

(region between left & right lungs). Pericardial

cavity is lined with the pericardium (serous membrane)

Visceral Pericardium

PERICARDIUM

Parietal Pericardium

b) Abdominopelvic Cavity- divided between Abdominal & Pelvic Cavities

and is lined with the peritoneum (serous membrane)

Viceral Pericardium

}

PERITONEUM

Parietal Peritoneum

-Abdominal Cavity- Contains the Liver, Stomach, Spleen,

Small Intestine, and most of the Large Intestine.

-Pelvic Cavity- contains last part of the Large Intestine, Urinary bladder,

& organs of Reproduction.

*Kidneys & Pancreas lie between peritoneal lining & muscular wall of

the body cavity. These organs are said to be Retroperitoneal Organs.