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The Nervous System
1. Involuntary reflexes are not controlled by your brain. They are controlled by a reflex arc.
2 .The motor output is the response that occurs when your nervous system activates certain parts of the body.
3. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is referred to as the main control center.
4. The peripheral nervous system is composed of all the nerves that branch off from the brain and spine which allows your central nervous system to communicate with the rest of your body.
5. There are 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system. The Sensory Division (afferent): Picks up sensory stimuli, and the motor division (efferent): sends directions from your brain from muscles and glands.
6. The Efferent Division includes the Somatic Nervous System/ Voluntary: Rules your skeletal muscle movement, and the Autonomic Nervous System/Involuntary: keeps your heart beating, your lungs breathing, and your stomach churning.
7. Neurons, or nerve cells, respond to stimuli and transmit signals.
8. Nerve cells are protected by glial cells. Glial cells provide support, nutrition, insulation, and help with signal transmission in the nervous system.
9. Ependymal cells line cavities in your brain and spinal cord. They create, secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
10. Electrical impulses within the nervous system are triggered by ions or chemical signals that pass through channels in the neuron
1.Diabetes — a disease in which the pancreas stops producing insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels — is the most common endocrine disorder in the U.S.
2.There are two types of glands in the body: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine glands — which include the salivary glands, sweat glands and mammary glands — excrete their products through ducts. Endocrine glands, by contrast, release their products (hormones) without ducts, directly into the bloodstream.
3.The pituitary-adrenal axis starts releasing adrenaline to increase the volume of blood pumped out by the heart and the blood flowing to the skeletal muscles.
4.Prolonged or frequent stressful events can lead to a number of endocrine disorders, including Graves' disease, gonadal dysfunction and obesity.
5.The pituitary gland has three lobes. They are the posterior, the intermediate, and the anterior lobes.
6. Testosterone is a sex hormone secreted by the testes. It causes secondary changes such as enlargement of the voice box, which causes the voice to be deeper.
7.Progesterone is a sex hormone secreted by the ovaries. It helps regulate a female’s menstrual cycle.
8.The body makes almost 30 different hormones. These are largely the same between different mammalian species.
9. In women, low estrogen levels are the most common underlying cause for osteoperosis, making it an endocrine disease.
10.The different classes of hormones include steroid hormones, amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, and proteins.
1.For girls, the brain reaches its biggest size around 11 years old. For boys, the brain reaches its biggest size around age 14.
2.The front part of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex, is one of the last brain regions to mature.
3.Research shows that melatonin (the “sleep hormone”) levels in the blood are naturally higher later at night and drop later in the morning in teens than in most children and adults.
4.Peer approval has been shown to be highly rewarding to the teen brain.
5.Teens with a larger amygdala, relative to their total brain size, showed more aggressive behavior. Furthermore, teens with depression show increased activity in the amygdala.
6.New experiences that are pleasurable can very quickly become habits as a result of chemical reactions in the brain. Consequently, a teen can become addicted to alcohol or drugs more easily than an adult.
7.Teens are especially responsive to dopamine.
8.Addiction creates an uneven reward cycle for teens with a substance or behavior giving a teen a positive feeling that wears off quickly. The teen then seeks the substance or behavior to get the positive feeling again.
9.During puberty, the increases in estrogen and testosterone bind receptors in the limbic system, which not only stimulates sex drive, but also increases adolescents' emotional volatility and impulsivity.
10.A mood-altering drug stimulates neurons to release a flood of dopamine, much more than the normal amount. This surges into the synapses, connects with receptors, and is neither neutralized nor reabsorbed.
1. Strokes damage the brain by an artery blockage that cuts off blood flow to the brain, cutting off oxygen, shutting down the flow of signals, and killing neurons.
2. People who have strokes are told that the movement ability that they have for the first 6 mos-1 year after a stroke, are the abilities that they will have for the rest of their lives.That is why it is so urgent for therapy to revive the stricken part of their brains before a year goes by and damage is irreversible.
3. Overcoming the non-use of an immobile limb, is achieved by repeating movement over and over again.
4. No matter how old the person becomes, or how aged their brain is, plasticity never diminishes.
5.Aging begins in your 20s, right after maturity. Studies show that as you age, by the age of 30, you start process information a little slower.
6. The NMDA receptor is the gateway to a neuron. Lower levels of NMDA receptors are linked to memory decline in aging.
7.Neurons are produced by the division of stem cells. Stem cells are the seed in which the tissue from the body grows. However, in adulthood, stem cells appear to be the most inactive.
8.Brain-scan technology reveals aging can cause the brain to shrink
9.A likely cause of mental decline in most people is diminished blood flow in small vessels that are easily plugged by cholesterol and fats or ruptured by high blood pressure
10. Research shows that a lifetime of vigorous learning helps prevent or delay Alzheimer’s disease.
The Baby's Brain
1. When a baby exits the womb prematurely, external factors, such as light and sound, make it more difficult for the brain to develop.
2.From birth to age 5, a child’s brain develops more than at any other time in life.
3.At birth, the average baby’s brain is about a quarter of the size of the average adult brain. Incredibly, it doubles in size in the first year
4. A newborn baby has all of the brain cells (neurons) they’ll have for the rest of their life, but it’s the connections between these cells that really make the brain work
5.60% of all the energy a baby expends is concentrated in the
brain.
6.Babies whose parents frequently talk to them know 300 more words by age 2 than babies whose parents rarely speak to them.
7.If babies’ bodies grew at the same rapid pace as their brains, they would weigh 170 pounds by one month of age.
8.The first social smile, for an infant, doesn't usually appear until the infant is 10-14 weeks old and the first phase of attachment, scientists suggest, begins around five months old.
9.Studies have shown that babies and young children who grow up in safe, stable and nurturing environments, with lots of positive interaction with parents and caring adults, will go on to be healthier and more successful in school and in life.
10.A healthy baby will emerge from the womb with 100 billion neurons, nearly twice as many neurons as adults, in a brain that’s half the size
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Parietal lobe: interprets language, words. Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip). Interprets signals from vision, hearing,motor, sensory and memory. Spatial and visual perception
The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain. It’s involved with fine motor skills especially those involving the hands and feet. It also helps the body maintain its posture, equilibrium, and balance.
The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain. It acts as the control center for the function of the heart and lungs. It helps regulate breathing, sneezing, and swallowing.
Midbrain. The midbrain helps control eye movement and processes visual and auditory information.
Hippocampus : part of the limbic system, it processes, not stores memory
Hypothalamus: regulates hunger, thirst and sex drive, influences pituitary gland
Amygdala : part of the limbic system, home of survival emotions like rage, jealousy
Corpus callosum: neural super highway, connecting left and right hemisphere
The pons is part of the brainstem. It regulates several functions including hearing, equilibrium, taste and facial sensations and movements.