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Mary, Queen of Scots Vs. Elizabeth I

1533

September 7, 1533

Elizabeth I is born to Henry VIII of England and his second wife Anne Boleyn.

1542

Mary, Queen of Scot's

Mary Stuart is born on December 8, 1542 to Henry V of Scotland and Marie of Guise. When she was six days old her father died and she ascended to the throne of Scotland. she was sent to be raised at French court.

1547

Henry VIII

King Henry VIII dies, Elizabeth's brother Edward takes the throne.

Catholic Rule in England

Edward dies, Mary I of England (Bloody Mary) takes the throne and restores Catholicism in England and starts to persecute protestants.

1553

Mary, Queen of France

1558- Mary marries French Dauphin Francis

1559- Henri II dies. Francis becomes King.

1560- Francis II dies of an ear infection, Mary returns to Scotland to rule

1558-1560

Also in 1558

Mary I of England dies, Elizabeth takes the throne. Restores Anglicanism in England. Upsets Catholic church.

Beginning of the rivalry

Upon the death of Mary I, a Catholic Queen, Henri II of France proclaimed his son and daughter-in-law, Francis and Mary, the true King and Queen of England. On the grounds of in Catholic beliefs the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was illegitimate, making Elizabeth's claim to the throne false. This enraged Elizabeth and started the rivalry between the friends and cousins.

Mary marries her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley in 1565.

In 1566, Mary gives birth to a son, James VI and I

1565-1566

Letter from Mary to Elizabeth

On March 9, 1566 a pregnant Mary was eating lunch with her secretary in her private office when her husband Henry Stuart and his men came in, and while they held Mary at gun-point stabbed her secretary David Rizzo 56 times in front of her.

She later met with her advisers to figure out a way to divorce him.

Mary then wrote a letter to her friend and cousin, Elizabeth explaining the events that transpired, expressing her concern, and asking for advice.

in this letter Mary refers to Elizabeth as a "Sister Queen."

1567

February 10, 1567 Mary's husband Lord Darnley was assassinated at Kirk O Field.

James Hepburn was tried for murder but found innocent, Mary married him 3 months after Darnley died.

She raised an army against the nobles who disapproved of her marriage. She was defeated and imprisoned at Lochleven. She was forced to abdicate the throne to her son James VI and I

1567

Murder at Kirk O' Field

Darnleys murder still remains one of histories unsolved mysteries. Sunday morning 10th of February 1567, Darnley was staying at an Edinburgh house known as Kirk o' Field. Unknown to the people staying at the house, assassins had been packing the cellars of Kirk o' Field with gunpowder. At 2 am the building exploded, nothing was left of the building. In a garden beside the house, townsmen found Darnley's body along with the body of a servant girl. He was killed not by the explosion but by strangulation. It is speculated that Darnley had tried to escape before the explosion but had been intercepted by his murderer.

Mary was suspected to be behind the murder, but she was the Queen. Mary observed 40 days of official mourning.

James Hepburn, 6th Earl of Bothwell, and Queen Mary's lover was accused and acquitted of his murder.

James Hepburn and the Scottish Lords

Mary married James Hepburn, 6th Duke of Bothwell and the man accused of her husbands murder, 3 months after his death. the lords of Scotland disapproved of the marriage, but Mary went through with it anyway. Mary brought an army against the nobles but was defeated and imprisoned at Lochlaven.

Letters from Elizabeth to Mary

After the murder of Lord Darnley Elizabeth wrote to Mary to express her sympathy, but also give advice.

“I will not at all dissemble what most people are talking about,...which is that you will look through your fingers at the revenging of this deed.”

This advice from Elizabeth tells Mary that if she didn't bring justice to her husbands killer, that she would be suspected of the deed.

Elizabeth later wrote to Mary counseling her to distance herself from Lord Bothwell, Darnley's believed murderer, "However I exhort you, I counsel you, and I beseech you to take this thing so much to heart that you will not fear to touch even him [Bothwell] whom you have nearest to you if the thing [the murder] touches him, and that no persuasion will prevent you from making an example out of this to the world: that you are both a noble princess and a loyal wife."

"How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband..."

Exile

Mary escaped imprisonment at Lochlaven after being forced to abdicate the throne to her son.

She goes to England and asks assistance and asylum from Elizabeth. "fetch me as soon as you possibly can, for I am in a pitiable condition, not only for a queen, but for a gentlewoman"

1568

House Arrest

When Mary gets to England she is put under house arrest at Carlisle Castle.

The Casket Letters

When Mary was captured, James Douglas, 6th Earl of Morton allegedly found a casket of eight letters, two marriage contracts, and twelve sonnets. All written from Mary to Bothwell. The marriage contracts and sonnets provided proof of a plan for Mary to mary Bothwell before Darnleys death and before Bothwell got a divorce from his first wife. The letters also connected Mary to the plot to murder Darnley. Even today, it is still unclear whether the letters were authentic or forged.

Imprisonment

1569 was when the true imprisonment of Mary began. The conditions of her house arrest before January 1569 were pleasant, but when Mary was placed in Tutbury Castle, it quickly became unpleasant.

Mary stayed in five different castles over the years

Carlisle - 1568 | Age 25

Bolton - 1568 | Age 25

Tutbury- 1569 | Age 26

Sheffield- 1570- 1586 | Age 27- 43 (16 years)

Fotheringay -1586-1587 | Age 44

1569

Rebellions

In 1569 one of the first plots made by catholic nobles to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary on the English throne was the Northern Rebellion led by the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland.

Excommunicated

Elizabeth is officially excommunicated from the catholic church, this causes even more civil unrest.

The Northern Rebellion fails in their attempt to replace Elizabeth with Mary.

1570

Rildolfi Plot

the Rildolfi Plot was a failed plot by an international banker, Roberto Ridolfi, to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary.

1571

Throckmorton Plot

Francis Throckmorton, a messenger between Mary and Spanish and French ambassadors heads a plot against Elizabeth and replace her with Mary.Francis was arrested in November 1583 and executed in July 1584. This is one of the plots where Mary had contact with the conspirators.

1583-1584

Babington Plot

The Final Plot to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. The plot was discovered by Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham and used to incriminate Mary for the purpose of removing her as a heir to the English throne. The chief conspirators were Anthony Babington and John Ballard. A letter from this plot was found from Mary to Babington, giving her consent to assassinate Elizabeth.

1586

Treason

Mary was arrested in September 1586, from her house arrest at Sheffield Castle and held at Fotheringay Castle until her trial. She was charged with treason. She was convicted on October 25, 1586, and sentenced to death.

Elizabeth was hesitant to execute Mary because they were cousins and former friends, she signed the warrant for Mary's execution among a pile of papers, claiming, that she had done it by mistake. When she "realized" what she had done she ordered the execution stopped, but it was too late. Elizabeth's secretary who passed on the signed warrant for Mary's execution, was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London, he was released shortly after though.

1587

Mary was beheaded at age 44, at Fotheringhay Castle on February 8, 1587.

Elizabeth I dies on March 24, 1603.

She is seceded by her cousin James VI and I. King of Scotland and Mary Queen of Scot's son. After James took the throne he had his mothers body exhumed from her grave at Peterborough Cathedral, where she was buried next to Catherine of Aragon, and placed in Westminster Abbey where she is across from Elizabeth.

Elizabeth is also buried next to her sister Mary I of England.

1603

Sources

1. “The Tudors: Elizabeth I - Mary Queen of Scots - Episode 49.” YouTube, YouTube, 9 Apr. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiFtCbOr0jY.

2. “Mary, Queen of Scots Beheaded.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mary-queen-of-scots-beheaded.

3. Blakemore, Erin. “The Salacious Letters That Helped Bring Down Mary, Queen of Scots.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 12 Dec. 2018, www.history.com/news/mary-queen-of-scots-casket-letters-scandal.

4.Dimuro, Gina. “The Grisly, Botched Execution Of Mary, Queen Of Scots.” All That's Interesting, All That's Interesting, 24 Feb. 2020, allthatsinteresting.com/mary-queen-of-scots-execution.

5. “The Casket Letters.” The Tudor Society, 20 June 2015, www.tudorsociety.com/the-casket-letters/.

6. Staff, BHT. “Did Mary Queen of Scots Kill Her Husband Lord Darnley?” British Heritage, British Heritage, 5 Mar. 2021, britishheritage.com/history/mary-queen-scots-kill-lord-darnley.

7. Lily. “The Relationship of Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots in Letters - Part One • The Crown Chronicles.” The Crown Chronicles, 11 Aug. 2020, thecrownchronicles.co.uk/history/history-posts/rivalry-letters-elizabeth-mary-queen-scots/.

8. “Where Was Mary Queen of Scots Imprisoned?” History Scotland, 17 Nov. 2020, www.historyscotland.com/history/where-was-mary-queen-of-scots-imprisoned/.

Sources

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