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4.1 Genetic Engineering Notes
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4.1 Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology
- Simply put, it is technology that uses biology
- Uses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new technologies and products to improve the lives and health of people
Controversial
- Many different types and results
- Sometimes it is accepted and sometimes it is controversial
- Eg: vaccines, medicines, GMOs
Controversial
Gel Electrophoresis
- Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.
- Smaller the fragment, the faster and farther it will move
- Used to compare DNA samples and genomes of different individuals
DNA Fingerprinting
- Procedure using gel electrophoresis for forensic purposes to identify criminals and victims
- RESTRICTION ENZYMES: enzymes used to cut DNA into fragments, cuts at a specific sequence every time it appears in the DNA
- Also used to determine who is the daddy in PATERNITY TESTS
DNA Fingerprinting
Paternity Test
Genetic Engineering
- Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Genetic Engineering
Methods
- Can be done with a variety of methods
- Selective breeding: allows only those individuals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
- Hybridization: dissimilar organisms are crossed to create offspring hardier than the parents
Methods
Cloning
- Process of taking the DNA from one organism and using it to create offspring that is genetically identical to the parent
- Nucleus is taken from the parent’s cell and placed in an ovum, then shocked to begin mitosis. Then it is placed inside a donor womb to grow and development.
Cloning
Let's Fix it
Dolly the Sheep
Gene Splicing
Gene Splicing
- The DNA of an organism is cut and a segment from another organism is put into the original DNA.
- Often, bacterial plasmids (circular DNA) is used to incorporate a DNA segment into another organism’s DNA.
- Also called Cell Transformation
How it works...
How it works...
- A gene sequence is cut out of an organism’s DNA, added to a bacterial plasmid, then closed up (DNA recombination)
- The bacteria will replicate the recombinant DNA over and over, making lots of copies
- Copies can be used for research, to incorporate into clones, etc
Picture
PCR-Directing DNA Replication
1. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can amplify selected DNA in a manner similar to the way DNA replication works in the nucleus.
2. The PCR method involves repeated cycles of denaturation of double stranded DNA, annealing of primers, and DNA synthesis using heat stable DNA polymerases.
Picture
Gene Therapy
- Uses genetic engineering to treat/prevent the genetic cause of disease
- Uses vector (bacterium or virus) to deliver a new gene to target cells
- Once the gene enters the cells, the new DNA is transcribed and the new protein is expressed
Gene Therapy
Downside to Gene Therapy
- Not all genes can use gene therapy
- Ex: traits caused by multiple genes interacting are too complex to modify.
- Ex: traits where the genetic basis is not well understood.
- Ex: if there is no way to get new info to affected cells, cannot add new info.
Down-Side
Additional Resources
Science in Pajamas
Other Videos
Additional Resources
Science in Pajamas
PCR-Directing DNA Replication
Gel Electrophoresis
Cloning
PCR-Directing DNA Replication
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis
Cloning
Other Videos
Crash Course Biology - Biotechnology
Amoeba Sisters - Gel Electrophoresis
FuseSchool - Modern Cloning Techniques
Khan Academy - Introduction to Genetic Engineering
MacGraw-Hill Animations - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Crash Course Biology - Biotechnology
CCB - Biotechnology
Amoeba Sisters - Gel Electrophoresis
AS - Gel Electrophoresis
FuseSchool - Modern Cloning Techniques
FS - Modern Cloning Techniques
Khan Academy - Introduction to Genetic Engineering
KA - Intro to Genetic Engineering
MacGraw-Hill Animation - Polymerase Chain Reaction
MHA - Polymerase Chain Reaction
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