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Land Grant Institutions

Scott Burroughs

VOED 405

Early American Education

Early Education

In the antebellum United States, most education was done in the home by the children's mother, it focused on the basics of reading, writing and arithmitic. Once children were old enough, boys would recieve their vocational education at thier fathers side in the barn or the workshop. Larger cities in the US also allowed Apprenticeships with local craftsman, where a boy would learn the craft at the masters side and payments would be made by the boys family.

Early Colleges

Colleges

  • The earliest colleges were founded in large cities and were focused on the finer arts for gentlemen scholars. The only vocational training was in jurisprudence, theology and medicine, few jobs for landed elites.
  • The only true vocational institutions were the US Military Academy and the Naval Academy

Morrill Acts

Sen. Justin Morrill introduced two land-grant bills in 1857 and 1859 and werer vetoed by President Buchannon both times.

Morrill Acts

Third time is the charm

1862

Morrill introduced the Act again in 1862 during the Civil War and tied it to the need to develop officers and engineers. President Lincoln signed it on July 2nd, 1862

Act Provisions

Act Details

  • 30,000 acres per senator and representative were provided to each state
  • Proceeds from the sales of the land was to be used for the purchase of institutions and equipment or trusts to promote education of agriculture and the mechanical arts
  • Prohibited the use of trust fund for salaries of administrative officers.

Land Grant Institutions

  • Today there are 59 traditional land Grant Colleges and Universities, they are designated as "1862 institutions".
  • Every State and Territory has at least one institution, which includes Penn State University and Cornell University

Land Grant Institutions

Second Morrill Act

  • Passed in 1890, it included funding appropriations for the land grant institutions
  • The Second Morrill Act prohibited racial discrimination in enrollment of the schools that used the federal land-grant funds.
  • They did allow states to use a seprate but equal clause which saw the creation of 17 land-grant institutions for African-Americans

1890

Hatch Act

Passed in 1887, it provides direct federal funding for Agricultural experiment stations that focused on

  • Farming
  • Ranching
  • Food Production

The Act is still in effect today and requires states to match the federal funds

Smith-Lever Act

Enacted in 1914, it allowed for agricultural outreach through cooperative extensions.

They still stay with us today by supporting clubs, classes and events.

Smith-Lever

Resources

Resources

Gordon, H. R. (2003). The History and Growth of Vocational Education. Prospect Heights, Il: Waveland Press.

National Archives. (n.d.). The Smith-Lever Act of 1914. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from National Archives Foundation: https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/smith-lever-act-1914/

National Education Association. (2022). Land Grant Institutions: An Overview.

National Research Council. (1995). Colleges of Agricultue at the Land Grant Universities. Washington DC: National Academy Press.

Wright, L. B. (1971). Life in Colonial America . New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

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