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Neurotransmitters

their roles and drugs affecting them

5 neuro transmitters and their roles in behavior with drugs that affect them

DOPAMINE

Acetylcholine

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In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

HIGH/LOW LEVELS

Too much of this drug has been associated with depression and too little has been correlated to dementia.

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What drugs affect Acetylcholine?

DRUGS THAT AFFECT

Natural drug: nicotine

Short term: stimulates dopamine release

Long term: lung cancer, addiction, depression

Prescription drug: Clidinium - brand name Normaxin.

Short term:prevents the sudden spasm of muscles to relieve stomach pain and cramps. It also promotes easy passage of gas to reduce stomach discomfort.

Long term:weakness tiredness dry mouth

Recreational drug: Muscarine

Short term:cardiac slowing, contraction of smooth muscles, and increased secretion from exocrine glandular tissues

Long term: depression and potentiation in hippocampus

DOPAMINE

High levels of dopamine can create schizophrenia and addiction, while with low levels you become very tired, sluggish, unmotivated, can't concentrate, moody, etc. Dopamine plays a big role in motivational behavior.

Dopamine increases your general level of arousal and your goal directed behavior (motivation).

HIGH/LOW LEVELS

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What drugs affect dopamine?

DRUGS THAT AFFECT DOPAMINE

Prescription drug: fentanyl - brand name Actiq

Short term: control and treat chronic pain

Long term: chronic and severe constipation, bowel obstruction, breathing problems during sleep, heart attack and heart failure, immune system suppression, and death.

Natural drug: Mucuna

Short term: boost dopamine and may help reduce symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease and infertility in men.

Long term: dopamine levels become lower than usual

Recreational drug: cocaine

Short term: Euphoric feeling, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, hypersensitive to sight, sound, and touch

Long term: Depression, psychosis and heart problems

Serotonin

Serotonin's role is in modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and it also plays a role in digestion and nausea. Serotonin also plays a role in sleep, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and sexual desire.

Serotonin

high/low levels

Having low serotonin levels is not, on its own, enough to cause depression. Low levels can, however, contribute to mood, sleep, and digestive problems, and other issues. But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild shivering and diarrhea to severe muscle rigidity, fever and seizures. High serotonin causes serotonin syndrome.

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What drugs affect serotonin?

DRUGS THAT AFFECT

Prescription drug: Fluoxetine brand name Prozac

Short term: treat depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, etc.

Long term: gastrointestinal, nausea and diarrhea

Natural drug: Tryptophan

Short term: Treat mood disorders, reduces extremes in behavior

Long term: general sickness

Recreational drug: MDMA - ecstasy

Short term: Altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure

Long term: depression addiction

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid.)

GABA

GABA is an amino acid that helps to regulate mood. It's released by certain neurons that carry messages along the nervous system. GABA acts to stop messages from being transmitted. a type of chemical responsible for carrying signals from a nerve cell to another cell. Specifically, GABA slows activity in the brain, producing a calming effect

HIGH/LOW LEVELS

Too much of the amino acid can lead to patients feeling edgy, paradoxical anxiety, and it may even lead to insomnia. Low amounts of gaba lead to anxiety, tempers, depression, mood swings, etc.

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What drugs affect GABA?

DRUGS THAT AFFECT

Natural drug:Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Short term: improved sleep quality

Long term: An unexplained, unpleasant feeling (dysphoria) Increased blood pressure. Increased heart rate.

Prescription drug: - diazepam brand name Valium

Short term: treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures

Long term: depression, addiction, heart attacks,

Recreational drug: alprazolam brand name Xanax

Short term: relief and panic help

Long term: mood swings, addiction, depression

Endorphins

HIGH/LOW LEVELS

ENDORPHINS

Endorphins are chemical signals in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing.

When endorphin levels get too high, feedback inhibition will occur, the hypothalamus shutting off CRH production. Lack/low levels of endorphins make someone more likely to have depression.

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WHAT DRUGS AFFECT

What drugs affect Endorphins?

Prescription drug: morphine - brand name AVINza

Short term: relieve pain

Long term: mood swings depression addiction

Recreational drug: codeine

Short term: relieve mild to moderate pain

Long term: depression, anxiety, addiction, drowsiness, withdrawls

Natural drug: DLPA (D-phenylalanine and L-phenylalanine)

Short term: produce tyrosine

Long term: depression flat lining mood

Dopamine affects how brain decides whether a goal is worth the effort

CASE STUDY

Aims

Year: 2020

Researcher: Erin Bryant

To see if dopamine might play a role in influencing how the brain evaluates whether a mental task is worth the effort.

Procedures

Fifty people, ages 18-43

Were asked to choose between a series of memory tasks of varying difficulties. More difficult mental tasks were rewarded with more money

Findings

Findings

Those with higher dopamine levels in a region of the striatum called the caudate nucleus were more likely to focus on the benefits and choose more difficult mental tasks.

Conclusions

Increasing dopamine boosted how willing people with low, but not high, dopamine synthesis capacity in the caudate nucleus were to choose more difficult mental tasks

The findings suggest that Ritalin and similar drugs may work by acting on motivation rather than directly boosting cognitive function.

Evaluation

Drugs like Ritalin and Adderall may help you focus in some sense, but this study shows that they do so by increasing your cognitive motivation.

Your known benefits of performing a demanding task are elevated in your mind and the seen costs are reduced in your mind.

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