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5 neuro transmitters and their roles in behavior with drugs that affect them
DOPAMINE
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In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
HIGH/LOW LEVELS
Too much of this drug has been associated with depression and too little has been correlated to dementia.
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Natural drug: nicotine
Short term: stimulates dopamine release
Long term: lung cancer, addiction, depression
Prescription drug: Clidinium - brand name Normaxin.
Short term:prevents the sudden spasm of muscles to relieve stomach pain and cramps. It also promotes easy passage of gas to reduce stomach discomfort.
Long term:weakness tiredness dry mouth
Recreational drug: Muscarine
Short term:cardiac slowing, contraction of smooth muscles, and increased secretion from exocrine glandular tissues
Long term: depression and potentiation in hippocampus
High levels of dopamine can create schizophrenia and addiction, while with low levels you become very tired, sluggish, unmotivated, can't concentrate, moody, etc. Dopamine plays a big role in motivational behavior.
Dopamine increases your general level of arousal and your goal directed behavior (motivation).
HIGH/LOW LEVELS
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DRUGS THAT AFFECT DOPAMINE
Prescription drug: fentanyl - brand name Actiq
Short term: control and treat chronic pain
Long term: chronic and severe constipation, bowel obstruction, breathing problems during sleep, heart attack and heart failure, immune system suppression, and death.
Natural drug: Mucuna
Short term: boost dopamine and may help reduce symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease and infertility in men.
Long term: dopamine levels become lower than usual
Recreational drug: cocaine
Short term: Euphoric feeling, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, hypersensitive to sight, sound, and touch
Long term: Depression, psychosis and heart problems
Serotonin's role is in modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and it also plays a role in digestion and nausea. Serotonin also plays a role in sleep, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and sexual desire.
high/low levels
Having low serotonin levels is not, on its own, enough to cause depression. Low levels can, however, contribute to mood, sleep, and digestive problems, and other issues. But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild shivering and diarrhea to severe muscle rigidity, fever and seizures. High serotonin causes serotonin syndrome.
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Prescription drug: Fluoxetine brand name Prozac
Short term: treat depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, etc.
Long term: gastrointestinal, nausea and diarrhea
Natural drug: Tryptophan
Short term: Treat mood disorders, reduces extremes in behavior
Long term: general sickness
Recreational drug: MDMA - ecstasy
Short term: Altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure
Long term: depression addiction
GABA is an amino acid that helps to regulate mood. It's released by certain neurons that carry messages along the nervous system. GABA acts to stop messages from being transmitted. a type of chemical responsible for carrying signals from a nerve cell to another cell. Specifically, GABA slows activity in the brain, producing a calming effect
HIGH/LOW LEVELS
Too much of the amino acid can lead to patients feeling edgy, paradoxical anxiety, and it may even lead to insomnia. Low amounts of gaba lead to anxiety, tempers, depression, mood swings, etc.
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Natural drug:Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Short term: improved sleep quality
Long term: An unexplained, unpleasant feeling (dysphoria) Increased blood pressure. Increased heart rate.
Prescription drug: - diazepam brand name Valium
Short term: treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures
Long term: depression, addiction, heart attacks,
Recreational drug: alprazolam brand name Xanax
Short term: relief and panic help
Long term: mood swings, addiction, depression
HIGH/LOW LEVELS
Endorphins are chemical signals in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing.
When endorphin levels get too high, feedback inhibition will occur, the hypothalamus shutting off CRH production. Lack/low levels of endorphins make someone more likely to have depression.
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Prescription drug: morphine - brand name AVINza
Short term: relieve pain
Long term: mood swings depression addiction
Recreational drug: codeine
Short term: relieve mild to moderate pain
Long term: depression, anxiety, addiction, drowsiness, withdrawls
Natural drug: DLPA (D-phenylalanine and L-phenylalanine)
Short term: produce tyrosine
Long term: depression flat lining mood
Aims
Year: 2020
Researcher: Erin Bryant
To see if dopamine might play a role in influencing how the brain evaluates whether a mental task is worth the effort.
Procedures
Fifty people, ages 18-43
Were asked to choose between a series of memory tasks of varying difficulties. More difficult mental tasks were rewarded with more money
Findings
Those with higher dopamine levels in a region of the striatum called the caudate nucleus were more likely to focus on the benefits and choose more difficult mental tasks.
Increasing dopamine boosted how willing people with low, but not high, dopamine synthesis capacity in the caudate nucleus were to choose more difficult mental tasks
The findings suggest that Ritalin and similar drugs may work by acting on motivation rather than directly boosting cognitive function.
Drugs like Ritalin and Adderall may help you focus in some sense, but this study shows that they do so by increasing your cognitive motivation.
Your known benefits of performing a demanding task are elevated in your mind and the seen costs are reduced in your mind.