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The Chinese Civil War

BY: Matthew Tan

Republic of China

People's Republic of China

Summary

Brief Overview

The Chinese Civil War was a conflict between the Chinese communist and the Chinese nationalist. It began in 1927 and ended in 1949. They paused the civil war due to the Japanese invasion of China and WW2. They continued the civil war after the defeat of Japan. The Chinese Communist, with the help of the Soviet Union, came out victorious against the Chinese Nationalist. The Nationalist later fled to Taiwan while the Communist took over the Chinese mainland.

Chinese Political Party

The KMT and the CCP

Chinese Political Party

The Kuomintang (KMT)

Chinese Nationalist

  • Chinese Nationalist Party
  • Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party
  • Founded by Sun Yat-sen
  • Advocated for nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood
  • Supported by the United States

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Chinese Communist

  • Founded by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu
  • Mao Zedong becomes the leader during the Long March
  • Very successful of gaining the support of the peasants in rural China
  • Advocate for Marxism
  • Supported by the Soviet Union

Causes of the Conflict

During the Chinese Civil War, the Great Depression causes a decline of the economy in the world including China. Also during this time, the tension between the communist and anti-communist starts to rise. During the second world war, Japan invades China, which led to the pause of the Chinese Civil War.

Causes of War

Long-Term Causes

Long Term Causes

  • The KMT and the CCP have very different ideologies which lead to the outbreak of war
  • Warlordism in China makes it difficult for China to unite
  • Economic discontent lowers the standard of living in China
  • Because of how terrible the economy were, workers begin to stirke in the Chinese workforce
  • Civilians often have no voice in China
  • Both the KMT and the CCP wants to unite China under their own control

Warlordism in China

Direct cause of the war

Shanghai Massacare- The KMT attacked members of the Chinese Communist Party. Hundreds were killed and tortured by the Chinese Nationalist. This ended the first Chinese United Front between the KMT and the CCP. It also marked the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. This occured on April 12, 1927.

Direct Cause

Shanghai Massacre

Major events of the Chinese Civil War

Major Events

Empire of Japan

Northern Expedition

It began on July 9, 1926 and ended in 1928. The Chinese Nationalist start expanding into Northern China and want to unite China. They took Shanghai, arrested the communist, and suppressed the guards of the General Labour Union. The KMT also becomes the official government of China.

The black arrows represents the movement of the Chinese Nationalist

Long March

It began on October 15, 1934 and ended in October 1935. Mao Zedong became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese Communist relocated their base from southeastern to northwestern China. This inspired many young Chinese to join the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese communist party successfully pushed back the Nationalist during the march. This even prevented the total annihilation of the CCP.

The communist route from the JIangxi province to the Shaanxi province.

Second Sino-Japanese War

War of Resistance against Japan

It began in 1937 and ended in 1945. Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek prefers to keep fighting against the Chinese communist forces despite Japanese aggression against China. But he later was forced to unite with the Chinese communists to fight against Japan, forming the second Chinese United Front. Clash between Chinese and the Japanese began on July 7, 1937. The strength of the communists grew during this time period, while the Nationalist struggled with inflation and war.

Second Phase of the Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil war (second phase)

This is the decisive phase of the conflict. It began in 1945 and ended in 1949. After the Japanese surrender, the Chinese Nationalist and Communist begin to fight in a full-scale war against each other in China. The Chinese Communist controlled Northern China and began to expand to the rest of the Chinese mainland. The Chinese communist army started to score major victories against the Nationalist in 1948. In 1949, the Chinese Nationalist fled to Taiwan after they were defeated by the communists.

Founding of the PRC

Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949.

Establishment of the PRC

Political Cartoons

Both these political cartoon are created during the Cold War Era. Both these cartoon were created by Jim Berryman. The 1st political cartoon is created in 1953 and the 2nd political cartoon is created in 1963.

Citations-https://www.archives.gov/files/legislative/resources/education/cold-war-in-political-cartoons/primary-source-sheets.pdf T

Chiang's invasion???

Political Cartoon 1

Two Chinas!

This cartoon depicts Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese Communist, being hit by a black ball.

Political Cartoon 2

Impacts and Reforms

One of the most significant reforms in China is gender equality. The Chinese constitution stated that Chinese women are equal to men. Chinese women also get to choose their own partners. Economy in communist China starts to improve in the 1980s when they opened up foreign investment and implemented free market reforms. Another change in China is the chinese words. Chinese words are more simplified in China, while Taiwan still using the traditional Chinese words.

Post-war Impacts

Short and Long Term Effects

Short and Long Term Effects

  • The establishment of the PRC
  • Nationalist retreated to Taiwan
  • No truce were signed between the Nationalist and the Communist
  • No fighting since 1996
  • The Chinese Civil War technically didn't end
  • Communist China wants to unite with Taiwan but Taiwan doesn't want to
  • Tension between the U.S. and China rises because of Taiwan

Significance and aftermath

Significance and aftermath

The Chinese Civil War is important because the establishment of the People’s Republic Of China ended the centuries of imperial rule in China. China starts to become a major power after communist reforms. It also contributed to the growing divide between the communist world and the Western democracy world during the Cold War Era.

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