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Transcript

The Philipine Revolution of 1896:

Freedom from Spanish Colonialism

Presented by Jonathan Zamora

Battle of Zapote Bridge 1897

Introduction

Intro

The Philippine revolution occurred between 1896 to 1899; inspired by the same ideals of the American and French revolutions, two groups of Filipino revolutionaries would secure freedom from the Spanish and enact a shortly-lived constitutional republic.

Pre-Revolution

Pre-revolution

Over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule established a uniquely Christian-rooted idea of sovereignty; the Spanish justified colonial rule as an act of spreading the Kingdom of God to ensure the salvation of the colonial populations (Rafael, 2009).

The Spanish considered the Filipinos racially inferior and denied Filipino representation in the Spanish parliament (Rafael, 2009).

The Cadiz Constitution of 1812 would inspire the Ilustrados - Philippine-born and university-educated, with liberal ideals that professed equality under the law for all citizens of the Spanish imperial nation (Rafael, 2009).

After liberal constitutional ideas took hold in Spain, the concept of absolute sovereignty through monarchical rule changed, and the Spanish empire experienced sweeping economic and political changes in the 1820s (Rafael, 2009).

A separatist sentiment would take hold of a growing militant Filipino population, and in 1892 they formed a secret revolutionary group called the Katipunan, committed to achieving freedom from Spanish rule (Rafael, 2009).

Repeal of the Constitution of 1812 by Fernando VII in the Palace of Cervelló.

Revolution

Revolutionaries would spark the start of the Filipino revolution in August of 1896 (Rafael, 2009).

Two primary groups of revolutionary-thinking Filipinos were the Ilustrados, who were more educated, wealthy elites, and the Katipunan, comprised of more common peoples (Rafael, 2009).

The Ilustrados argued that the Spanish arrival to the Philipinnes did not usher in a progressive civilization; instead, it carried a repressive brutalization that exhibited barbarous acts upon its colonial populace (Blanco, 2004).

Andres Bonifacio led the Katipunan and inspired his countryman through his manifest, 'What All Tagalogs Should Know,' which argues that the Spanish betrayed them and instilled a return to Filipino nationalism (Blanco, 2004).

A brilliant Filipino revolutionary, Apolinario Mabini, claimed that the inspiration for the Philippine revolution was the same ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity that propelled the American and French revolutions (Rafael, 2009).

Boy Scouts pay tributed to Andres Bonifacio monument

Post-Revolution

In January 1899, the Philippine government would momentarily succeed in establishing a constitutional republic administered by the wealthiest elites at the time and proclaimed Emilio Aguinaldo as President (Rafael, 2009).

Apolinario Mabini repeatedly criticized the constitution and republican government as premature and recognized that the Ilustrados were using them to end the revolution and re-colonizing the nation under their rule (Rafael, 2009).

The United States purchased sovereign rule over the Philipines from the Spanish for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris in 1899 (Rafael, 2009).

Only one month after the ratification of their constitution and unwilling to accept U.S. imperial rule, Aguinaldo declared war on the United States, resulting in the U.S. colonization of the islands until 1941 (Rafael, 2009).

Apolinario Mabini hoped the war would "remind the Americans what their forefathers had to sustain in their past against the English for the emancipation of their Colonies" (Rafael, 2009).

Filipino Ilustrados in Madrid, circa 1890

Conclusion

There were several revolutionary leaders among the Philippine people, and although they had different motivations, they all desired freedom from imperial rule. Although they would struggle throughout history, transitioning from Spanish to American rule and later to Japanese rule during WWII, they finally gained independence on 4 July 1946.

Biblography

Blanco, John D. 2004. “The Blood Compact: International Law and the State of Exception in the 1896 Filipino Revolution and the US Takeover of the Philippines.” Postcolonial Studies 7 (1): 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368879042000210603.

Rafael, Vicente L. 2009. “Welcoming What Comes: Sovereignty and Revolution in the Colonial Philippines.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 52 (1): 157–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417509990363.

Image Citations

Sources

Dizon, Vicente. 2022. Battle of Zapote Bridge 1897. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg.

Dorieo. 2022. Repeal of the Constitution of 1812 by Fernando VII in the Palace of Cervelló. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Derogaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812_por_Fernando_VII_en_el_palacio_de_Cervell%C3%B3_01.jpg.

Escaros , Jess M. 2018. 2018 Bonifacio Day Boy Scouts. Wikimedia Commons. Philippine News Agency. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Bonifacio_Day_boy_scouts.jpg.

Unknown. 2004. Filipino Ilustrados in Madrid. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ilustrados_1890.jpg.

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