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COLOMBIA'S SOCIETY AND CULTURE TIMELINE

RICARDO ZONA PÁEZ

20162165289

1810

Colombia declared independence from Spain

July, 20

1810-1828

1819

The Republic

Jan 17, Simon Bolivar the “liberator" proclaimed Colombia a republic.

1822, Battle of Pichincha

Decisive battle where the Gran Colombia was formed joining Ecuator, Colombia and Venezuela

Gran Colombia

The Republic of Gran Colombia fell apart due to political rivalries in 1828.

1849

Conservator and Liberal parties were founded starting the political disruptions and disagreements

1849-1902

1861-1885

Liberal rule

Liberal Party rule sees country divided into nine largely autonomous entities and the church separated from the state.

1885-1930

Conservatives claim the rule during which power is recentralised and church influence restored.

Conservative rule

Rafael Nunez as one of the main faces of the conservative party in 1878

1899-1902

Probably one of the darkest chapters in Colombia's history

The 1000 days war

About 120,000 of Colombia's four million people perished in the conflict, mostly from disease. Colombia had been plunged into bankruptcy and subsequent civil war in 1899

1903

The separation of Panama from Colombia was formalized on 3 November 1903, with the establishment of the Republic of Panama.

1903-1928

Treatment failure

Hay-Herrán treatment wasn't ratified, causing US to support the movement in Panama, which led to the independence and the construction of the canal.

The Panama Canal

The construction took place between 1903 and 1914

1906-1928

Colombia starts improving economy and becoming independent. The newly formed Antioquean Syndicate became one of the most important across the country

Industry

1928, December 5-6

Was a massacre of United Fruit Company workers that occurred between December 5 and 6, 1928 in the town of Ciénaga near Santa Marta, Colombia. The strike began on November 12, 1928

Banana Massacre

The Banana Massacre was one of the principal causes of the Bogotazo, and the subsequent era of violence known as La Violencia. Also the hiring and payment for paramilitaries.

1948

Bogotazo, Assassination of presidential candidate Jorge Eliecer Gaitan ignites riots in Bogota.

Escalated a period of violence which had begun eighteen years before, in 1930, and was triggered by the fall of the conservative party from government and the rise of the liberals.

1948-1958

Trascendance

Gaitán referred to the difference between the "political country" and the "national country". Accordingly, the "political country" was controlled by the interests of the oligarchy and its internal struggles, therefore it did not properly respond to the real demands of the "national country"

Gaitan

That is, the country made up of citizens in need of better socioeconomic conditions and greater sociopolitical freedom.

1948-1958

This period in Colombia is known as “La Violencia." Over 200,000 people were killed in massacres by the 2 rival parties, the Conservatives and the Liberals.

La Violencia

Gustavo Rojas Pinilla led a peaceful coup d’état conceived by Conservative and Liberal parties to reestablish peace and political order in the nation.

Dictator until 1957

1957

Civilian rule was restored after moderate Conservatives and Liberals, with the support of dissident sectors of the military, agreed to unite under a bipartisan coalition known as the National Front and the government of Alberto Lleras Camargo and which included a system of alternating the president and power-sharing both in cabinets and public offices.

The National front

This closes one of the chapters of violence in Colombia's history, ending in 1958 with the killing of insurrectors

1964

Rise of Guerilla movements

Leftist National Liberation Army (ELN) and Maoist People's Liberation Army (EPL) founded

1964-1982

1966

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Farc, the current largest guerrilla grouping) set up.

FARC

In 1961, a guerrilla leader and long-time PCC organizer named Manuel Marulanda Vélez declared an independent "Republic of Marquetalia". The Lleras government attempted unsuccessfully to attack the communities to drive out the guerrillas, due to fears that "a Cuban-style revolutionary situation might develop". After the failed attacks, several army outposts were set up in the area.

1970

The M-19 traced its origins to the allegedly fraudulent presidential elections of 19 April 1970. In those elections, the National Popular Alliance (ANAPO) of former military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was denied an electoral victory

M-19

1974-1978

The National Front ends, and newly elected President Alfonso López Michelsen launches the first major counterinsurgency against all three main guerrilla groups.

Power and Peace

President Belisario Betancur (Conservative) grants guerrillas amnesty and frees political prisoners.

Campaign against drug traffickers stepped up following assassination of justice minister.

Drugs war

1984

1984-1995

1985

Nov 6, Some 35 leftist M-19 rebels took over Colombia’s Palace of Justice. A military raid to liberate hostages held by M-19 guerrillas at the Supreme Court followed and cost more than 100 lives, including 11 Supreme Court justices and all 30 guerrillas.

Palace of Justice siege

1949-1993

In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellín Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling routes into the U.S. Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine.

Escobar

Chaos and panic was brought across the country, corruption and fear took over.

1989

Aug 18, In Colombia, leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galan was assassinated outside Bogota; the Medellin drug cartel was strongly suspected.

Galan

Aug 21, Colombian soldiers and police raided the estates of drug lords as part of a crackdown that followed the shooting death of a presidential candidate.

Total war starts until 1991

1993

Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar number 1 man in drug trafficking, was shot to death by the Colombian army in Medellín

Fall of the Medellin Cartel

Death of Pablo just ended an era and started a new one where new Cartels emerged, but demonstrated authority and law enforcement.

1998

Beginning of peace talks

Andres Pastrana Arango - a Conservative - elected president, begins peace talks with guerrillas.

1998- NOWADAYS

2002

Independent candidate Alvaro Uribe wins a first-round presidential election victory, promises to crack down hard on rebel groups.

Uribe

War ending with the death of Farc's leader and founder Manuel Marulanda

2010-2018

2010 August - Juan Manuel Santos takes over as president, having won easy victory in run-off election in June. He responds to a Farc offer of talks by insisting that the rebel group must first release all the hostages it still holds.

Santos

2016 September - The government and Farc sign a historic peace accord that formally brings to an end 52 years of armed conflict.

2019-2020

Socio - Economic crysis starting to increase due to spreading and bad decisions in regards health conditions.

Coronavirus Crysis

Peace deal got interrupted due to breach of conditions

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