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big bang thory
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BIG BANG THEORY
The Dark Ages
The End?
Inflation Era
Singularity
Structure Era
Cooling Era
Singularity
The universe started condensed into a single point of infinite density and extreme heat. The universe was highly unstable and started to expand and cool causing the creation of the forces of physics. This lasts from 0 seconds to 10 -43 seconds. from 10 -43 to 10 -36 seconds, it has cooled enough that the fundamental forces of the universe start to separate from one another. From 10 -36 to 10 -32 the temperature was low enough that the forces of electromagnetism and weak nuclear force could separate as well.
Inflation Era
The inflation epoch started at 10-32 seconds and it is during the inflation era that the universe grew exponentially. It is believed that at this time the universe was filled with a high density energy. The extremely high temperatures and pressure caused rapid expansion and cooling. it was at this time that baryogenesis occurred, which is the hypothetical event that the temperature was so high, it caused random motion at relativistic speeds. The movement caused the particle and anti-particle pairs that existed at the time to be continuously created and destroyed in collisions. This is believed to have led to there being more matter than anti-matter in the universe. After all the inflation, the universe was only a quark-gluon plasma and other elementary particles. At this point the universe keeps forming and matter combined and formed.
Cooling Era
The universe continued to decrease in density and temperature and the energy of each particle began to decrease. At about 10-11 seconds after the big bang, particle energies dropped substantially. At 10-6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to make baryons such as protons and neutrons. The temperature eventually got too low to make more particles so there were no more particles being produced after they were destroyed which lead to being only 1 in 1010 of the original protons, neutrons, and electrons. after the annihilations the universe was dominated by photons and neutrinos. a few minutes after the big bang the temperature was was now about 1 billion kelvin and was the equivalent density of air. The neutrons and protons began to combine to make a stable isotope of hydrogen and helium atoms. Most of the protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei. After about 379,000 years, the electrons combined with the nuclei to create mostly hydrogen atoms, while the radiation disconnected from matter and continued to spread through space. This radiation accounts for the cosmic radio background which is the oldest light in the universe.
The Cosmic Dark Ages
Not much is known about the cosmic dark ages because there were no stars that were emitting light so our telescopes cant see anything. There was only a lot of hydrogen and helium gas present as a fog. The atoms that made up the fog began to collapse under their own gravity, creating the first stars.
Structure Era
During the several of billions of years after re-ionization, The denser regions of the universe began to become more gravitationally attracted each other. This meant they became even more dense, and this eventually lead to the creation of stars, galaxies, and everything else in the universe.
The End of the Universe
There are many theories of how the universe will end. Some include the big crunch, the big freeze, or the universe never stops expanding.
The big crunch theory states that The universe will eventually reach a maximum size and then the expansion will reverse, pulling everything back together and decrease in size to the original ball of energy.
The big freeze theory hypothesizes that the universe will keep expanding forever getting gradually slower and slower and stopping as all the stars die out.
The last theory is between the previous two. The universe keeps expanding but at the slowest rate possible and nothing happens.
Bibliography
https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html
https://youtu.be/k6BL1GOXgp8
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/01/04/the-five-ways-the-universe-might-end/?sh=5f40bbbc3496