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The Mahabharata

By: Marie Garcia

Pranvera Vukaj

Kaylin Zayas

Sarahy Montalto

Cindy Ortiz

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Sanskrit Language

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Sanskrit

The Sanskrit Language

- Created between 1700 to 1200 BCE (definite age of language yet to be determined)

- Orally preserved language

- Traditionaly sung during the Vedic chanting tradition

- Written and read from left to right, like English

Sanskrit Alphabet

The Mahabharata: Sanskrit to English

- The direct translation: The Epic Poem

- Text is looked at as a religious handbook

- April 1919: text started being put together

- September 1966: completely gathered

- critical version contained 19 volumes, 15,000 demi-quarto pages

- Persian version made in 1985, titled Paintings of Razmnana; The Book of War

- A Telagu Mahabharata published in the 11th century

- Other version in India: Bhagavad and the Gita

Hear The Mahabharata in Sanskrit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7duEBDJ_lqU&t=1s

Culture

A

Hinduism is known as the world's oldest religion and goes back more than 4,000 years. Right now, it is the third- largest religion behind Christianity and Islam. It’s one of a kind because it isn’t a single religion, it’s made up of many different traditions and systems.

Hinduism beliefs and culture:

  • Since Hinduism embraces so many religious ways, and isn’t a single religion, they also refer to it as “way of life” or “family of religions”.

  • In Hinduism they worship a single deity which is known as “Brahman,” but they don’t fail to recognize their other gods and goddesses.

  • The followers of Hinduism believe that there is more than one way to reach their god.

  • They aspire to achieve dharma. That is a code of living which shows good conduct and mortality.

  • Hindus believe in the continuous cycle of life, death, reincarnation, and the universal law of cause and effect which is known as karma.

  • People's actions and thoughts determine their current and future life.

  • Hinduism is similar to other Indian religions that include Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism.

  • Food is an important part of the culture. The majority don’t eat beef or pork and others are vegetarians.

  • Hindu men wear short coats called “angarkha” and the women wear a long scarf or robe known as “sari”. They also wear a “bindi’ which would represent the third eye or is a sign of marriage.

  • The female jewelry in hinduism represents that they have become a part of their husbands extended family.

C

Brahma

Brahmins came from his head

Kshatriya came from his hands

Vaishya came from his thighs

Shudra came from his feet

God of Creation

Dushanta

India's Caste System

Caste- Kshatriya

"Tiger among Men"

The Brahmin

Caste Pyramid

Religious Leaders - Highest Caste

Kanva

The Shudra

Shakuntula's adoptive father

Caste-Brahmin

Ascetic Sage

Artisans and Workers - The Working Class

The Vaishya

Farmers and Merchants - Commoners

The Kshatriya

Aristocrats and Warriors - Protectors of our society

B

Female Gender Roles

  • Status of women in society and their essential role

  • Women in their role as wife and or mother

  • Shakuntala stands for all that is beautiful in Indian womanhood

  • Shakuntala, abandoned by King Dushyanta, and married through the ceremonies of Gandharva-vivaha

  • She set forth with her son by her side to the kingdom to rightfully claim what was hers

Indian Women (Mahabharata) Vs. Today in Age

  • The women in the Mahabharata have been treated poorly and used for the pleasure of men

  • The exploitation faced by women in the Mahabharata can be compared to the present society

8 Forms of Marriage

F

Bráhma Marriage

  • Highest form of marriage in the scriptures.

(No Dowry)

Bráhma

  • Educated and skilled groom's family approaches suitable lady
  • Father of the bride enquires information on groom before bestowing his daughter.

Davia Marriage

Family of the bride wait for suitable groom.

Daiva

After a certain time, if she still hasn’t gotten married, her family marries her off to a priest, who carries out sacrifices.

Inferior to Brahma marriage

Arsha

(means Rishi,or Sage in Sansktrit)

A bride is married off to a Rishi, or a Sage, in exchange for two cows or a cow and a bull.

Ársha

Form of marriage is considered inferior due to it being a transactions

Prájápatya Marriage

Prájápatya

According to Mahabharata, contrast to Brahma, this form of marriage, an eligible groom is attracted by wealth and gifts given by the bride's father with the purpose that the groom marries the wife.

Asura Marriage

Asura

In this sort of wedding, the bride’s family is tempted by wealth reciprocally for bestowing their daughter.

This typically happens once the groom is not any match for the lady however still desires to marry her.

Because their is an intent of transaction (wealth for marriage)

his marriage is considered inferior to Brahma marriage.

Gándharva Marriage

This form of marriage is common in modern day (Elopement).

Gándharva

The union between two people who are together consensually or marry eachother on their free will, without the constent of either families.

Rákshasa Marriage

Rákshasa

The girl is abducted by the groom after defeating her family in physical altercation.

Paisácha Marriage

Considered the worst and lowest form of marriage.

Paisácha

The girl is abducted in her sleep and intoxicated, and later being sexual assualted.

E

Works Cited:

https://www.asiahighlights.com/india/caste-system

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1152/caste-system-in-ancient-india/

https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/10/the-upper-caste-hindu-woman/

https://www.boloji.com/articles/9919/shakuntala-flaming-indian-womanhood

https://mythgyaan.com/eight-types-of-marriages-in-hinduism/

https://scroll.in/article/1017021/the-mahabharata-exists-in-many-versions-and-translations-but-how-many-people-actually-read-i

https://scroll.in/article/1017021/the-mahabharata-exists-in-many-versions-and-translations-but-how-many-people-actually-read-it

https://peoplenewschronicle.com/matrubhoomi-why-is-sanskrit-called-the-language-of-the-gods-learn-how-it-originated/

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