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Potassium Imbalances
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Potassium Imbalances
5 Major Electrolytes
Electrolytes
- Sodium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
Sodium
Na
- Osmosis (body water regulation)
- Sodium-potassium pump
+
Hypernatremia
Causes:
- Dehydration
- Cushing's Syndrome
Symptoms:
- thirst, edema, agitation, dry mucous membranes, confusion, seizure, coma, death
-
Hyponatremia
Causes:
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia) from an underlying disorder (Addison's, diabetes, renal/heart failure, thyroid disorder, etc
Symptoms:
- confusion, weakness, fatigue, restlessness, nausea/vomitting
Calcium
- Muscular contractility
- Hormone secretion
- Nuerotransmission
Ca
+
Hypercalcemia
Causes:
- Medications (e.g. diuretics), cancer, TB, lack of activity
Symptoms:
- thirst, lack of appetite, kidney stones, numbness/tingling, weakeness, confusion, abdominal pain, fatigue, constipation, nausea/vomitting
-
Hypocalcemia
Causes:
- Renal disease, inadequate intake/absorption, thyroid disorder, medications
Symptoms:
- muscle aches, bronchospasms, tingling of hands, feet, lips, tongue, dysrrhythmia, seizures
Magnesium
- Regulates other electrolytes
- Binds with and activates ATP
Mg
+
Hypermagnesemia
Causes:
- Renal failure, DKA, dehydration, thyroid disorder, Addison's, medications
Symptoms:
- CNS depression, hypotension, nausea/vomitting, dysrrhythmia, muscle weakness, respiratiory failure
-
Hypomagnesemia
Causes:
- diabetes, Chron's, diuretics, inadequate intake, alcoholism, severe burns, medications
Symptoms:
- numbness/tingling, muscle spasms, cramps, fatigue, nystagmus
Phosphorus
P
- Regulates pH
- Makes up ATP and nucleic acids
+
Hyperphosphatemia
Causes:
- Kidney failure, DKA, infection, rhabdomyosis
Symptoms:
- aysymtomatic or... bone weakness, calcifications under skin, muscle cramps
- can lead to... CVA, MI, atherosclerosis
-
Hypophosphatemia
Causes:
- chronic diarrhea, inadequate intake/ absorption, acoholism, lymphoma, leukemia
Symptoms:
- dysrrhythmia, respiratory alkalosis, irritibility, confusion, coma, death
Potassium
- Determines action potential
- Sodium-Potassium pump
Most life-threatening electrolyte disorder
K
Electrolytes function together
or have similar purpose, so disorders have similar symptoms.
Some have no symptoms until there is a life-threat.
Systems most severely effected:
- Renal
- Cardiac
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
>5.5mEq/L
Pathophysiology:
Alters (+) charge in cells
- Speeds up repolarization
- Resting membrane potential not fully restored
- Slows neuron impulses
Symptoms:
- Usually asymptomatic until it progresses to dysrhythmias
- Weakness, numbness, nausea, irritability, abdombinal cramping, diarrhea
Causes
- decreased renal function (trauma or chronic disease), diabetes, hyporenin, hypoaldosterone
- Medications
- ACE inhibitors
- beta blockers
- NSAIDs
- Potassium supplements
- Acidosis
- DKA
- Burns
- GI bleed
- Hemolysis
Dysrhythmia
ECG
- Peaked T wave
- Small P wave
- Slow QRS complex
- V-fib
Treatment
Mild (adequate kidney function)
Sodium polysyrene sulfonate
-moves potassium to GI tract
Moderate
1. Calcium
2. Insulin + glucose
3. Albuterol (if no MI)
Severe (inadequate kidney funciton)
All of the above + hemodialysis
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia
<3.6 mEq/L
Pathophysiology:
-Cell is hyperpolarized
-Decreased action potential and excitability
Symptoms:
- Usually asymptomatic until it progresses to dysrhythmias
- Weakness, palpitations, numbness, ascending paralysis,
- Hypomagnesemia: muscle spasms, seizure, nausea, personality change, lethargy
Causes
Decreased kidney function
Medications
- Diuretics
- Decongestants
Inadequate intake
Alkalosis
Beta2 adrenergic stimulation
- Delerium Tremens
- Head injury
- Hypothermia
- Insulin overdose
ECG
- Severe hypokalemia may have normal ECG
- decreased ST and/or inverted T wave
- Slow PR
- U wave
- Bradycardia, V-tach, or V-fib
Treatment
- Potassium chloride (oral preferred)
- Magnesium supplements
- Prevent reoccurance
- Prevent hyperkalemia
Eating Disorder Signs (read: rant)
(No, the body does not burn muscle before fat)
Eating Disorders
- Change in food preferences
- Contagious
- Not always body image --
- self-harm
- anxiety