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HOW DO WE KEEP PEOPLE MOVING?

TRAFFIC CONGESTION & THE GROWING POPULATION

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

  • As population increases commuting can be a challenge.
  • If traffic is not well-managed-- it leads to traffic congestion-- eventually leading to economic loss and pollution.
  • Solution: build more roads & efficient transport system.
  • Challenge: limited land & continous growth in population.

Mobility

MOBILITY

  • Mobility refers to the movement of people and goods from place to place, in a reasonable amount of time and at an acceptable cost.
  • Why do people need to move about?

URBAN TRANSPORT

Characteristics

VARIETY OF TRANSPORT MODES

  • Modes of transportation=types of transport used to facilitate the movement of people or goods.
  • Private Transport- transport owned by individuals (e.g. motorcycles & cars)
  • Public Transport- transport provided by the government or private companies (e.g. buses, trains, and cabs)
  • Mode of transportation in cities vary to cater to different needs and capacity to spend of people.

URBAN TRANSPORT

Characteristics

DENSITY OF TRANSPORT NETWORKS

  • Transport network= system of transport routes connecting a set of nodes.
  • Nodes- place where lines in network cross or join (junctions and terminals)
  • The greater the number of routes and nodes, the greater the network density.

URBAN TRANSPORT

Characteristics

QUALITY OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

  • Transport infrastructure= roads, railway tracks, and bus terminals.
  • Quality can be measured by capacity, efficiency, reliability, safety, and comfort level.
  • Example: Well-paved and well-lit roads with many lanes is a high-quality transport infrastructure.

Traffic Congestion

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

  • Traffic congestion is a situation where there are more vehicles than the road can handle
  • Characteristics:

slow travelling speed (10 km/h)

build-up of vehichles on the road

vehicular queues of more than 15 minutes

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

WHERE IS TRAFFIC CONGESTION FOUND IN THE CITY?

  • Traffic congestion can occur for different reasons: accidents/road work/peak hours.
  • Traffic congestion is likely to be concentrated in specific parts of the city.

Concentration of traffic congestion

CONCENTRATION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN THE CITY

  • CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD):
  • commercial centre where businesses are concentrated
  • most well-connected part of the city (high pedestrian and vehicular flow)
  • high flow of the traffic on the roads is usual-- many people commute to and from the CBD
  • traffic congestion is common especially during PEAK HOURS

Peak Hour

PEAK HOUR

  • Traffic congestion tends to occur during peak hours when many people are on their way to work in the mornings or on their way home from work during evenings.
  • Refers to a part of the day where the traffic volume is the highest.

Live Traffic Maps

LIVE TRAFFIC MAPS

  • Useful tool to find out where traffic congestion occurs in a city.
  • Show traffic information in real time and is updated regularly.

Why does traffic congestion occur?

  • Distance from work and homes
  • Inadequate transport infrastructure
  • Poor weather conditions
  • Road construction or accidents

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Separation of work & residential areas

SEPARATION OF WORK AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS

  • Places of work are often located away from housing areas-- results to the need to commute.
  • Commute means to travel some distance between one's home and place of work on a regular basis.
  • Commuting=private or public transport

Movement for goods and services

MOVEMENT TO OBTAIN OR PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES

  • Purchasing goods from specialised stores or attend classes.
  • Delivery of products.

Inadequate transport infrastructure

INADEQUATE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND POOR PROVISION OF TRANSPORT SERVICES

  • City's transportation facilities are not capable of handling the amount of traffic it receives (roads not having enough lanes/unreliable train system)
  • City has only a small fleet of public buses and trains are not enough for all the commuters.
  • This results into people driving their own cars.

How does traffic congestion affect people and the environment?

EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

  • Traffic congestion is a common problem faced by people in cities.
  • Negative impact of traffic congestion is a great concern for people.

Reduced

Productivity

Reduced Productivity

  • Productivity = rate at which goods and services are produced, measured in output per unit of labour.
  • Productivity also involves engaging in activities that bring about economic benefits.
  • Traffic congestion reduces productivity because people have to spend more time commuting.
  • Time wasted in traffic = time that could be spend on productive work = economic loss

Stress on Physical and Mental Health

STRESS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

  • People caught in traffic congestion often experience stress and anxiety.
  • Long traveling times = fatigue = drivers lose concentration = accidents
  • Traffic congestion also pose another health hazard because of fumes of vehicles-- leading to lung diseases.

Air Pollution

AIR POLLUTION

  • Traffic congestion increases pollution level of a city.
  • According to US Environmental Protection Agency, more than half of the air pollution in USA is caused by cars.
  • Emission of greenhouse gases (carbon monoxide) causes temperature to rise.
  • Cars also contribute to poor air quality such as smog.

Noise Pollution

NOISE POLLUTION

  • Traffic noise is harmful to the health of people.
  • Excessive noise seriously harms human health and interferes with daily activities.
  • Noise can disturb sleep, cause cardiovascular effects, and provoke annoyance responses and changes in social behavior.

Managing Traffic Congestion

MANAGING TRAFFIC CONGESTION

  • Cities introduced measures to cope and manage traffic congestion.
  • The strategies include making public transport a choice mode and managing road usage.

MAKING PUBLIC TRANSPORT A CHOICE MODE

  • PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION should be convenient and accessible to encourage people to choose this transportation mode.

Making Public Transport a Choice Mode

Integrated Public Transport System

INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM

  • Public transport system should be seen as a whole.
  • Strategies:
  • using a re-loadable smart card to pay for transportation.
  • timing of transport mode should be precise.
  • Benefits: convenient, accessible, and efficient
  • Challenges: extensive planning and high cost.

Bus Lane Scheme

  • Lanes specially set aside for private and public buses-- buses are able to enter and exit bus stops smoothly-- improves speed and reliability.
  • Benefits: Buses move quickly and will arrive on schedule.
  • Challenges: dependent on compliance of roads and road capacity is affected.

BUS LANE SCHEME

Expansion of Train Networks

EXPANSION OF RAIL NETWORKS

  • Increasing number of locations that trains can reach.
  • Providing more tracks and more stations.
  • Benefits: high capacity of trains and more destinations are covered.
  • Challenges: expensive and housing and businesses might be affected.

Improvement in Bus and Rail Systems

  • Bus and rail system will be upgraded to carry more people and arrive more frequently.
  • Benefit: More people are transported within a short time.
  • Challenge: High cost

IMPROVEMENT OF BUS AND RAIL SYSTEMS

Managing road usage

  • Reduce the number of cars on the road:
  • road pricing
  • increase parking fees
  • enhance traffic monitoring

Managing Road Usage

ROAD PRICING

  • Charging drivers when they use certain roads.
  • Peak hours=higher payment
  • Benefits: (1) higher cost discourages driving during peak hours, and (2) drivers use alternative modes of transport
  • Challenges: traffic is diverted to other roads to avoid the payment

INCREASED PARKING FEES

INCREASED PARKING FEES

  • Parking fees can be increased to manage road usage and encourage people to take public transport.
  • Benefits: discourages people to use their own cars and encourages carpooling
  • Challenge: illegal parking

ENHANCED TRAFFIC MONITORING

ENHANCED TRAFFIC MONITORING

  • Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System shows live information to update drivers about traffic situation.
  • Green Link Determining (GLIDE) adjusts green lights in intersection based on current traffic situation.
  • Benefit: drivers can avoid places with traffic congestion
  • Challenge: diverts traffic elsewhere

OTHER MEASURES

  • TELECOMMUTING- working from home or near their home.

  • ENCOURAGING CYCLING- better mobility and flexible

OTHER MEASURES

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