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Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779 - 1848) is a Swedish chemist who makes an important contribution to chemistry. He accepted and developed Dalton's
atomic theory; discovered and isolated several elements such as silicon, germanium, and selenium; he was the proponent of electrochemical dualism. He is known in Sweden as "the Father of Swedish Chemistry".
In September 1796, the 17-year-old Berzelius came to Uppsala. He passed the entrance exam and became a student at Uppsala University. His relative did not have enough money to pay his tution, so he became a tutor. In order to teach immigrant children from different countries, Berzelius began to learn French, German and English again. These language knowledge was used in his later studies and helped a lot in his academic works.
He back to school in the fall of 1798, age 19, after winning a three-year scholarship. Uppsala had one of the strongest chemistry departments in the world, and chemistry was one of the first courses taught to medical students. His teacher is Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, the discoverer of tantalum. He worked as an apprentice in a pharmacy and with a physician in the Medevi mineral springs. During this time, he conducted analysis of the spring water.
In 1807, the 28-year-old Berzelius was named professor of chemistry and pharmacy. In the beginning, his pharmacy class was very popular with the students, but there were very few people who came to listen to his chemistry class. The chemistry at the time only focused on oral presentations. Berzelius tried to change this situation. He greatly increased the number of experiments in the lectures and introduced intuitive chemistry experiments into the classroom. Soon, his classroom in chemistry class was gradually filled with students who came To attend classes.
Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. Berzelius stated in 1810 that living things work by some mysterious "vital force",a hypothesis called vitalism.
According to Jöns Jacob Berzelius, in order to establish atomic theory, the atomic weight of as many elements as possible should be measured with the utmost precision. In 1814 he published an atomic scale containing 41 elements, which increased to 45 elements in 1818. After adding to 50 elements in 1826, a table is actually the same as the current value (except that the values of alkali metals and silver are 2 times of modern values). He proposed a new element symbol system, which is still in use today. He also found several new elements: Cerium, Selenium, and Thorium.
When he studied the oxides of various elements, he found that each element had a certain weight and proportion to form a variety of different substances. Based on the weight of sixteen grams per mole of oxygen atoms, he determined that forty-five kinds have been Know the atomic weight of the element. In 1826, he set the symbols of various atoms in Latin and discharged the atomic scale. This is the earliest atomic quantity determination and its periodic table. He feels that everyday words change the meaning of their words over time, while non-spoken Latin can leave the original meaning.
In 1817, he analyzed a new element in the underground residue of the smelting furnace. He named it Selenium. The original meaning of the word is the moon, because selenium is distinguished from slag. Just as the moon is separated from the earth. Later, he discovered a new element from the black granite produced on an Island in southern Norway, and named it Thorium.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed electrochemical dualism in 1814: compounds are composed of two components with different electrical properties (ie positive and negative charges), which explores the interrelationship between atoms in a molecule. Successful in studying the properties of metals and non-metals, as well as explaining the nature of inorganic compounds and the preparation process. According to Berzelius, all chemicals, whether natural or man-made, mineral or organic, can be differentiated and specified by identifying their electrical opposites.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius first proposed the name "organic chemistry" in 1806. In 1805 Berzelius discovered that the soreness that causes muscles is lactic acid, not acetic acid. It is also found that lactic acid has the difference of optically left-handed and right-handed. This molecule has the same molecular formula, but has a different Arrangement structure, which is called isomerism. In 1835 he discovered the catalysis and named it.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius initiated the weight analysis. Jöns Jacob Berzelius first isolated Silicon, Germanium and Zirconium; the compounds of bismuth and rare metals (Vanadium, Molybdenum, Tungsten, etc.) were studied in detail. He has greatly improved the analytical methods (using rubber hoses, water baths, dryers, bottle washing, filter paper, blowpipe analysis) and combustion analysis methods.
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