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-The end of this period marked the end of the last Ice Age. Many large animals extincted and sea levels rose which caused man to migrate.
- Early humans were hunters and gatherers, they used stone and bone tools and started using controlled fire.
- They were the first ones to make art with the combinations of minerals, burnt bone meal and charcoal mixed into water, blood, animal fats.
Venus of Willendorf
One of the most famous figures of the Paleolithic age, found at Willendorf, Austria. Originally coloured with red ochre, 30,000–25,000 BCE.
- They also carved small figurines from stones, clay, bones and antlers.
https://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/tiger/360views/Figurine-Venus_0f_Willendorf_800x600/index.html
Doggerland (area between Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark ) gradually flooded as a result of climate change and sea level rise from the melting of glaciers after the last ice age.
The development of agriculture contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. They moved near big bodies of water.
Art of this period reflects the change of a warmer climate and adaptation to a more sedentary lifestyle, population size and consumption of plants.
They would have moved widely, depending on when and where different resources were available.
Mesolithic people hunted wild animals, fished and gathered wild plants.
The people of the New Stone Age also learned how to train animals to be useful to humans
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domestication
The New Stone Age was a time when the Earth's climate was warmer than the climate in the Old Stone Age, the population of people and animals increased.
Homes became permanent.
Toward the end of the Neolithic Era, people began to use tools made from metal.
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People learned to grow their own crops, rather than search for wild berries and grains.
agriculture
Specialization of skills= some made tools, other created art, others farmed.
Divided in three periods:
-Copper Age (c. 3200–2300 bce)
-The Bronze Age (2300–700 bce)
-The Iron Age (700–1 bce)
Copper had no importance in subsistence production, and the tools made could hardly compete with those of flint and stone.
It had introduced the use of copper for prestigious personal objects, individual burial rites, and possibly also new ideological structures to the Neolithic societies.
One of its important roles was to mark and articulate social prestige and status.
(c. 3200–2300 bce)
(2300–700 bce)
The characteristics and dates of the Early Bronze Age vary regionally in Central Europe. It was only in Scandinavia, where the Bronze Age began around 1,800 BC, that the transition to the Bronze Age was significantly delayed for the whole region.
The Bronze Age was a time of new flint technologies and new material forms
The Northern Bronze Age illustrates the ability of local cultures to maintain their independent character despite their dependence on other, larger systems. This characteristic can be observed in various forms throughout the Middle Ages.
Metalworking techniques have increased to sophistication.
-such as valve molds (made possible to mass-produce objects and to produce more elaborate items, including hollow objects.)
-cire perdue
-sheet metal processing.
The effect was a number of new objects, some of the old concepts, but with new features.
One of the most important new elements was the invention of the sword.
Towards the Late Bronze Age, the warrior emerged sheathed in an assemblage of defensive items: the armour.
The increased importance of fortified settlements and villages further shows that aggression was a major component of life.
(700–1 bce)
Therefore, the Iron Age does not begin with the first appearance of iron but at the stage where its specific functional properties are being explored.
Iron quickly replaced copper to make tools and weapons.
New and more efficient tools have been developed in previous centuries, and self-sufficiency has increased dramatically.
This happened at different times in different parts of Europe, and the transition to the Iron Age was tied to local cultural development.
There have been changes in the traditional routes of communication and commerce. The wheel is invented and with this new form of transportation.
With the emergence of affluent Late Hallstatt communities in Southern Central Europe, the direction of exposure has changed. The northern links were increasingly ignored, and trade became concentrated and dependent on commodities from the south. Southern and Western-Central Europe is now included in the periphery of the expanding Mediterranean civilization; and the previous communication network was broken.
In the rest of Europe, regional diversity increased, tribal landscapes emerged and new types of social organization developed.
Pre-urban settlements, hierarchical social order, new ideological structures and writing are all parts of this picture.
Civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans emerge
Emergence and development of urban life, the most famous are the Roman Colosseum, the pyramids and the temples in Greece
(3150 BC to 30 BC)
Egypt is a country in North Africa
An Independent nation of the Mediterranean, famous for great cultural advances in all aspects of human knowledge , from culture to arts, science, technology and religion.
The government and religion were linked, as the leader of the government, Pharaoh, was also the leader of the religion.
The great monuments, where ancient Egypt is still celebrated, reflect the depth and splendor of Egyptian culture that influenced many ancient civilizations, including Greece and Rome.
Trade increased significantly in Egypt during the Early Dynastic Period rulers Many respected scientists today deny the claim that pyramids and other monuments were built by slave labor, Egyptian monuments were seen as public works for the state, and workers were paid for their labor.
During the reign of Ramses III, Egypt's great wealth attracted the attention of the Sea Peoples who started to make regular raids along the coast .
Egyptian forces surrendered and the country fell into Persian hands. It would remain under Persian occupation until the arrival of Alexander the Great in 332 BC.
(1200 bce - 323 bce)
The early Early Greeks reached their later settlements between the Ionian and Aegean Seas. The merging of these first Greek-speaking people with their predecessors led to the creation of a civilization known as the Mycenaean.
The merger of power took the form of city leagues such as the Peloponnesian League, the Delian League and the Boeotian League.
The Hellenes benefited greatly from the knowledge and achievements of other countries in terms of astronomy, chronology and mathematics, but they achieved the greatest success through their own natural abilities when they became the founders of European philosophy and science.
In poetry, the genius of the Hellenes created form and content, which remained a constant source of inspiration in European literature.
A strong political sense of the Greeks created a number of systems of government, from which their theories of political science abstracted the types of institutes that are still in use.
(753 BCE - c. 500)
In the 2nd century the Roman Empire extended throughout northern Africa and western Asia; in Europe it covered all the Mediterranean countries, Spain, Gaul, and southern Britain.
The city of Rome, gradually increasing in power and influence, created by political government and the spread of the Latin language.
As his dominion spread throughout Italy and covered the entire Mediterranean basin, Rome received an influx of people of all kinds, including eventually large numbers from Asia and Africa.
Building a huge empire was Rome's greatest achievement.
The empire created an interconnected area of free trade, to which the Roman pax gave a prosperous existence
. The decline of the late empire was accompanied by the stagnation of spiritual forces, the paralysis of creative power and the retrograde development of the economy.
It was under the Roman Empire that the Christian religion penetrated Europe.
The Middle Ages started in Europe with the fall of Rome (476 CE) and ended with the beginning of the Renaissance (14th century)
By the 11th century, the population grew because of the agricultural innovations that increased and improved food supply.
Towards the end of the 11th century, the Crusades happened. The event helped the Crusaders in discovering the Islamic literature, science and technology which impacted on the intellectual life of Europe. It also expanded trade routes and the commercial economy developed with imported goods like wine, olive oil and luxurious textiles.
The modern period can be retraced as the third of the historical periods of humanity.
The most important value during this period was the modernity, integrated with progress, communication and reasoning, which was the ending of the Middle Age.
The beginning of the Modern age would represent an ending to the intellectual isolation that people was used to in the Middle Age, the Modern Age is divided into two periods: early and late periods.
As we stated before the early modern period was the transition between the dark intellectual era into the economical, political and artistic outburst.
This period was placed at the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, and a lot of important events occurred between this dates like:
There are two events that put an end to the first period of the Modern Period the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. The French Revolution gave to society a new political and social structure, where it wasn't concentrated in the hands of the monarchy, nobles and the church. People searched for representation and equity in the governmental and political issues.
Finally, the Industrial Revolution came to substitute most of the muscle jobs that men, women and animals did. Most of the local owned shops and workshops were substituted by larges fabrics and it made important changes in the social and economical structure, creation of the capitalism and communism.
There were significant changes that made the transition happen from early to late modern period. Aspects such as political, economic, technological, social, and cultural. It started in the middle of the 18th century and ended after World War II.
The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)
Machine tools were invented such as the Assembly line, which sped up the factory production of consumer goods.
Age of Imperalism: France, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States colonized in other nations around the world
Victorian era: reign of Queen Victoria I that saw increased urbanization, the American Civil War and the end of African slavery
The 21st century also known as the Common Era began on January 1st of 2001, this era is the first century of the 3rd millennium in the worlds history.
The beginning of this era was marked by the rise of a global economy and the worlds third consumerism. Followed by concerning events as terrorism, the awareness of global warming and the search for new energy resources.
2000: The welcoming to a new beginning.
2001: On 9/11 the Al-Qaeda conduct a terrorism attack against the Twin towers and the USA.
2003: The first stage of the Iraq war begins with the invasion of Saddam Hussein in the Middle East country.
2004: Mark Zuckerberg launches the first social media called Facebook.
2005: Terrorism attack hits the public transport of London
2007: The first IPhone was launched by Steve Jobs. The second worst world financial crisis hits since the Great Depression.
2008: Barack Obama becomes the first African American President.
2010: In response to the oppressive regimens and low standards of living in the Middle East the "Arab Spring" began, and 33 men were rescued from a mine in Copiapó
2011: Syrian Civil War started, continuing to this day.
2012: Curiosity, the US rover, takes a selfie on Mars.
2013: The world says goodbye to the revolutionary and peace activist Nelson Mandela. A bombing in a London marathon kills three marathoners.
2014: Malala Yousafazi becomes the youngest person to receive a Nobel Price.
2015: Same sex-marriage is legalized over 50 states in the USA. A series of coordinated terrorist attacks targeted Paris on the 13th of February.
2016: Britain votes to leave the European Union in the Brexit referendum. Donald Trump is elected president of the United States.
2017: Facebook hits 2 billion users around the world.
2018: Apple becomes the first public company to be worth $1 trillion
2019: Wildfires destroyed much of Brazil’s Amazon rainforest, much of the world watched in horror as fire raged at Notre-Dame de Paris.
2020: Joe Biden is elected president of the USA, climate change disruptions continue, and the COVID-19 pandemic reshape the world.
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