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Crimes of Anatomy Timeline

300 B.C.

King Ptolemy I

Obsession with mummification and anatomy.

The combination of Egypt's tradition of mummification at the time and Ptolemy's curiosity about how the human body worked, led to King Ptolemy I of Egypt allowing scientific dissection and actively encouraging dissections of executed criminals by physicians. He was so enthusiastic that he himself dissected patients alongside the physicians.

Pharaoh Ramesses III was murdered by a slit throat and the convicted from most involved to least respectively in the plot were put to death, let to suicide, or had their ears and noses cut off.

300 B.C.

335-280 B.C.

Herophilus

Herophilus was the fist physician to dissect human bodies. He was dedicated to science but lost control of his passion and would dissect live criminals according to accusers like Tertullian who claimed that Herophilus dissected 600 live prisoners. No eyewitness accounts or recordings of him doing live dissections remain.

335-280 B.C.

1514-1564

Andreas Versalius

Andreas Versalius heavily favored anatomical dissection for study. He was from the Renaissance and contributed the most to human anatomy. He was so enthusiastic about dissecting that he encouraged his students to eat while observing the tendons of cadavers. Instead of looking at models and documentation of past dissections and anatomical structures, Versalius wanted students to dissect new cadavers for study.

1514-1564

1578-1657

William Harvey

The lack of bodies for Anatomical Research meant that William Harvey had to dissect his own father and sister. He discovered the human circulatory system.

1578-1657

1768-1841

Sir Astley Cooper

Cooper hired body-snatchers and encouraged those he employed to body-snatch to fuel his anatomical studies. He defended human dissection as a way of surgery practice. He dissected former patients by keeping in touch with their doctors. He played with the bones of the dead by painting them, feeding them to dogs, and the resulting product would make name plaques for his colleagues.

1768-1841

18th-19th Centuries

The State of Dissection Rooms

Dissection rooms had limb fragments, heads, gaping skulls, bloody vertebrae splattered everywhere. They were infested with rats and crows and smelled putrid. Remains were buried without memorial services and were quickly done at night. This was only done because remains needed to be thrown out and the odor from the rotting flesh was a problem.

18th-19th Centuries

1811

Diary of a Ressurectionist - Anonymously Written

The lack of respect or care of what body-snatchers were doing is exemplified by this diary. It shows the mind of a ressurectionist who records getting drunk everyday, using terminology like 'thing' when talking about bodies, and overall being quite unattached to what he or she was really doing, which was stealing dead bodies from graves without the consent from families.

1811

1828

Robert Knox's cadaver supplier

William Burke and William Hare brought cadavers to anatomist Robert Knox claiming that the bodies were made available for sale by the cadavers' relatives. The truth was that the bodies were acquired at Hare's boardinghouse where he sold a person who had died and not paid their debt and a person who was very ill and an alcoholic who was suffocated to death by Hare and Burke. Hare and Burke would sell murdered bodies of the poor and unwanted to Knox for some time before they were exposed and punished.

1828

1937-1945

Eduard Pernkopf's Work

Eduard Pernkopf, an avid supporter of Adolf Hitler who rose through academic ranks because of his support for Hitler, notably kicked out Jewish members from the medical school at the University of Vienna. He dissected executed prisoners, mostly Jews from concentration camps, while a team of artists would document the dissected corpses. The books and work he and his team produced are so accurate that they are still used as reference today for surgeons, despite being made off of the brutal treatment of Jews in Nazi occupied territories.

1937-1945

1992

Murdering for Cadavers - Barranquilla Colombia

Garbage scavenger Oscar Rafael Hernandez survived an attempt to murder him in March of 1992. His corpse was intended to be used at the local medical school as an anatomy specimen. Oscar picked through garbage to survive and was seen as "disposable". Right-wing "social cleansing' squads would kill people deemed "disposable". He was hit in the head and he awoke in a tub of formaldehyde.

1992

2002

Anatomical Dissection under Taliban Rule

Like William Harvey, medical students under Taliban rule lacked a sufficient supply of cadavers as the Taliban's strict interpretation of Koranic edicts forbade dissecting cadavers or the use of skeletons of even non-Muslims. This meant that students at places like Kandahar Medical College dug up their relatives to share with and dissect with other students. These pained students to do but were for the benefit of others.

2002

2004-Present

Human Anatomy Exhibits with Real Cadavers

Since 2004, anatomy exhibits using real cadavers such as "Body Worlds" and "Real Bodies" have been questioned about where they obtain the cadavers from. Controversy surrounding Chinese suppliers sourcing from the bodies of dead prisoners, with no consent from families, have arisen.

2004-Present

Fake Re-enactment:

2006-Present

Organ Harvesting in China

UN human rights experts have continuously brought up reports of organ harvesting of minorities like Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Muslims, and Christians, in detention in re-education camps in China since 2006. Similarly to the selling of cadavers, China has allegedly been using the remains of dead prisoners for profit, though the lack of evidence provided by China surrounds the topic with mystery.

2006-Present

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