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Waste is an inevitable by-product of human
civilisation. As global population size has grown
and many people have moved to urban areas,
consumption and waste accumulation have
increased rapidly. With these developments, the
challenge of waste disposal has grown.
Landfills were traditionally popular for waste
disposal, but their negative side-effects, and the
realisation that the Earth is limited in space and
supply, caused a move towards other methods.
Both incineration and recycling have gained
popularity, but while the latter is a sustainable
waste disposal method, it cannot limit waste
generation indefinitely. It can only reduce
avoidable waste levels, but a large proportion of
generated waste is still unavoidable.
Sustainability policies and technology will allow us
to minimise avoidable waste levels and to reduce
the effects of the pollution that has already been
created.
Population stabilisation, however, is the
only change that can reduce waste production to
a level that is manageable for both the
environment and humanity.
An increase in antimicrobial resistance proves to be an unexpected problem for diseases such as:
• Tuberculosis
• Malaria
• Cholera
• Dengue fever
the decrease in the quality of air has resulted in the majority of people suffering from respiratory problems such as:
• Asthma,
• Lung cancer
• Chest pain
• Congestion
• Throat inflammation
• Cardiovascular disease
• Respiratory diseases
Lead poisoning (Car exhausts) Congenital malformations and neurological diseases
Overpopulation results in polluted water supplies. People die each year because of contaminated water-related disease. The viruses spread faster in a denser population which enables deadly mutations causing water-borne pandemics such as:
Malnutrition due to decreasing sources
Obesity due to fast-food and fat-carbs diet
The ozone layer of the atmosphere no longer protects us from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun causing skin problems such as skin cancers and premature ageing of the skin. UV rays also result in a host of eye-related problems such as cataract and blindness. Most of all, it weakens the human immune system.
Year 2000
Year 2050
At low life expectancies, poverty-linked causes of death due to common childhood infections, malnutrition, and risks associated with childbearing predominate among women and children. As life expectancy is extended, affluence-related cardiovascular, oncotic, and degenerative diseases begin to predominate among adults and the elderly.
the epidemiologic pattern of the causes of death changes as life expectancy improves
Interventions
Three common interventions for improving social determinant outcomes as identified by the WHO are education, social security and urban development. However, evaluation of interventions has been difficult due to the nature of the interventions, their impact and the fact that the interventions strongly affect children's health outcomes.
Education: Many scientific studies have been conducted and strongly suggests that increased quantity and quality of education leads to benefits to both the individual and society (e.g. improved labor productivity). Health and economic outcome improvements can be seen in health measures such as blood pressure, crime, and market participation trends.Examples of interventions include decreasing size of classes and providing additional resources to low-income school districts.
Social Protection: Interventions such as “health-related cash transfers”, maternal education, and nutrition-based social protections have been shown to have a positive impact on health outcomes.
Urban Development: Urban development interventions include a wide variety of potential targets such as housing, transportation, and infrastructure improvements. In addition, there is a fair amount of evidence to prove that external urban development interventions such as transportation and affordable housing options (including public housing) can make large contributions to both social determinants of health, as well as the local economy.
"Protecting the health of women by reducing high-risk pregnancies"
"Protecting the health of children by allowing sufficient time between pregnancies"
"Fighting HIV/AIDS through providing information, counseling, and access to male and female condoms"
"Reducing abortions"
"Supporting women's rights and opportunities for education, employment, and full participation in society"
"Protecting the environment by stabilizing population growth"
Universal access to affordable, high-quality reproductive and child health services—contraception, control of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, maternal and child health—offers the most effective and humane approach to attaining good health, enabling couples to achieve smaller desired family sizes and accelerating the world's demographic and health transitions to stability and quality.