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Language Brokering

By Delaney Ybarra

What is Language Brokering?

What is it?

It is the process of a bilingual child or adolescent translating for their monolingual parents.

More than Translators

-Language brokers live in the space of in-between.

-The are constantly negotiating.

-Language brokering can start as young as 8 years old.

Why is it important?

Why is it important?

-It is not know exactly how it affects executive functions in the brain, language acquisition, and identity.

-The mere amount of language brokers that exist today.

There are 44 million foreign-born immigrants in the USA (Lopez and Radform, 2017).

44 million

25%

Immigrant children account for 25% of the total children population in the USA (Immigrant children 2018).

33%

33 percent of all the children in the USA live in a home where a language other than English is spoken (Dual Language Learners, 2019).

Child language brokering in linguistic minority communities: Effects on Cultural Interaction, Cognition, and Literacy McQuillan, J., & Tse, L. (1995). Child language brokering in linguistic minority communities: Effects on cultural interaction, cognition, and literacy. Language and Education, 9(3), 195-215.

Positives and Negatives

-Children’s self-concepts are definitely affected by language brokering.

-Language Brokering could increase language acquisition.

Positives

Positives

-Maturity

-Independence

-Increased trust between the parent and child

-Broadened cultural understanding

Negatives

-Added stress and pressure

-Frustration

-Resentment

-Embarrassment

Negatives

Language Acquisition

-Translating adult level vocab advanced acquisition of L1 and L2

-Language brokering helped children maintain their native language

-This support Krashen's hypothesis. More new comprehensible input helps language acquisition.

-Higher GPAs and test scores

Effects of Language Brokering

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Language-Brokering-among-Latino-Immigrant-Families%3A-Anguiano/04e174d412671566024decd39eafc60313758a71

A Research Gap

How does executing a higher level of adult-level decisions affect cognition?

A Research Gap

The relationship of language brokering to ethnic identity for Latino early adolescents Weisskirch, R. S. (2005). The relationship of language brokering to ethnic identity for Latino early adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27(3), 286-299.

Ethnic Identity

The findings of this study suggest that the brokering experience may result in stronger feelings toward ethnic identity

To what extent?

-School Settings

-Banks

-Doctors appointments

-Housing documents

-Immigration papers

-Loans

-Community resources

The Extent

Identity

Identity

-Stronger feelings of attachment

-A sense of belongingness to their home culture

-Those who viewed language brokering as a positive experience were show to have a stronger sense of ethnic identity.

A Gap in Research

-Does gender play a role in language brokering?

-Females showed significantly higher positive feelings of brokering compared to boys

The Gap

Child Language Brokering in School: Final Research Report

Cline, T., Crafter, S., & Prokopiou, E. (2014). Child Language Brokering in School: Final Research Report.

Schools should conduct more sensitive and effective practices and policies for using children as language brokers.

School Policies

Results

Cline, T., Crafter, S., & Prokopiou, E. (2014). Child Language Brokering in School: Final Research Report.

Positives

-Many believed brokering improved their English and native language skills

-Many claimed their confidence was enhanced.

-Many claimed it empowered them in the school setting.

Negatives

-There is greater risk of translation errors than with a professional translator

-The child may distort what is said

-An excessive time commitment may be required from the child

Executive functions as predictors of syntactic awareness in English monolingual and English–Spanish bilingual language brokers and nonbrokers

Rainey, V. R., Davidson, D., & Li-Grining, C. (2016). Executive functions as predictors of syntactic awareness in English monolingual and English–Spanish bilingual language brokers and nonbrokers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 37(4), 963-995.

Language brokers were significantly more efficient at cognitive flexibility than both bilingual nonbrokers and monolinguals.

Executive Functions

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/48624870951164906/

Advantage in Cognitive Flexibility

Cognitive Flexibility

-Brokers are extremely different than bilingual nonbrokers.

-Brokers are required to use two language systems in the same context, requiring them to use more cognitive flexibility.

A Gap in Research

-Gender differences?

-How are the parents affects?

The Gap

Conclusions

Conclusion

-The number of brokers and prevalence is growing

-There are many positives and negatives

-Language brokering may increase cognitive flexibilities

-Language brokers may have better academic performance

-Most studies are qualitative and have few participants

-Most studies have a higher number of woman than men. Why?

-Most studies included latino participants

-Thesis?

-Presentation/poster at a conference?

-How would I collect data on this?

-Advice on other articles to read?

What now?

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