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The path to modern Spain
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The path to modern Spain
Unit 4
1875-1931
Restoration
1875-1931
Restoration
It was the return of the Bourbon dynasty to power. It was a period of economic growth and stability, but without enough democracy and freedom.
Alfonso XII
1875-1885
Alfonso XII
Turno pacifico
Turno Pacifico system
The disaster of 1898
Crisis of 98
The Generation of 98
Generation of 98
Maria Cristina 1885-1902
Alfonso XIII 1902-1931
Alfonso XIII
Primo de Rivera 1923-31
Primo de Rivera
Society during Restoration
Society
1931-1936
Second Republic
1931-1939 2nd Republic
People were unhappy with the dictatorship. Alfonso XIII called for elections, but people voted for a republic and Alfonso XIII left Spain. On 14 April 1931,Spain became a republic again.
Ending
Social Reforms
Social Reforms
Officially the Second Republic lasted from 1931-1939, when the Republicans lost the war. However, during the war (from 1936-1939) it only existed in parts under republican control.
1936-1939
The Spanish Civil War
1936-1939 Civil War
Spain was divided into two sides:
Political sides
Differences
Ending of the Civil War
Ending
Almost three years of war devasted Spain and its population.
Buildings, roads, monuments, factories… were destroyed.
Around 500.000 people died and around 450.000 left Spain.
The war ended on 1st April 1939 when the Nationalists took control of Madrid and Barcelona.
1939-1975
Franco's dictatorship
The general Francisco Franco abolished the Constitution and established a dictatorship. He had absolute power to make laws and decisions.
We can differentiate two periods:
- After the war there was poverty, repression, hunger...
- During the second period the economy started to improved and the policies were less restricted.
1939-1975 Franco's dictatorship
1939-1959
Post war
Post war
1959-1975
Last part of Franco´s dictatorship
After this period of little development and a lot of poverty, there was some recovery:
- The government relaxed some policies.
- The economy started to improve.
- Foreign tourism increased.
- The quality of life began to improve.
But they lived still without many freedoms and many Spaniards emigrated to Europe for work.
1959-1975
1975-Nowadays
Democracy
1975-2020 Democracy
Franco died in November 1975. He appointed Juan Carlos I to replace him.
With the death of Franco, the leaders and the people of Spain chose a peaceful transition to democracy.
King Juan Carlos I began the process of transition into a democracy.
In 1976 he chose Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister.
Adolfo Suárez led the reform:
- He legalised political parties of different ideologies and trade unions.
- The right to strike (huelga) was recognised.
- Released political prisioners (imprissioned during the dictatorship).
- In June 1977 the firts democratic elections were celebrated.
Transition
Constitution 1978
On 6 December 1978, the citizens of Spain voted the Constitution through a referendum (vote yes/no) and it continues nowadays.
It established a constitutional monarchy and guarantees our rights (equiality, freedom of expression, voting access to education...)
International organizations
International organizations
- 1982: Spain joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO (in Spanish we call it OTAN).
- 1986 Spain entered the European Union.
- 2002 we raplaced the pesetas with the euro.