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- A schema is the organized knowledge that one has about people,places, things or events.
- Readers have schemas for ideas and events and schema for text structures that help organize information.
- Active readers are constantly using schema to relate to the reading, called the situation model
- According to a situation or mental model theory, comprehension consists of multiple levels of understanding and includes surface code, propositional textbase, and the situation or mental model
- the teacher could take at least three steps to improve comprehension: build background, give students material on the appropriate level, and teach strategies, such as generating questions as they read, that will help them make connections
-Between the ages of 5 and 7, children tend to think in one dimension
-By about age 8, children are better able to think in more than one dimension and so can learn comprehension strategies more readily.
-Comprehension instruction for young children should be explicit and concrete and in keeping with where they are developmentally.
- Strategies are deliberate, planned procedures designed to help the reader reach a goal
-Comprehension strategies can be categorized as being preparational, organizational, elaboration, rehearsal, and monitoring.
- Preparational strategies are processes that readers use to prepare themselves to construct meaning, such as surveying a text and predicting what it will be about.
- Organizational strategies include readers construct relationships among ideas in the text, specifically between the main idea and supporting details.
-.Elaborating involves building associations between information being read and prior knowledge or integrating information by manipulating or transforming it such as drawing inferences, creating analogies, visualizing, and evaluating, or reading critically.
-Rehearsing involves taking basic steps to remember material. Outlining, taking notes, underlining, testing oneself, and rereading are rehearsal strategie
-Monitoring consists of being aware of one’s comprehension and regulating such as setting goals for reading, adjusting reading speed to difficulty of material, and checking comprehension
-Integrating strategies, explicit instruction, and establishing an environment conducive to learning foster comprehension.
- Students’ motivation, willingness to pay attention, active involvement, and reflection also have an impact on comprehension.
-Using prior knowledge combined with use of strategies and making connections foster comprehension.