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- Stone Age
- Bronze Age
- Iron Age
Paleolithic (2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.)
- People lived in caves.
- They were hunters and gatherers.
- The end of this period resulted in the extinction of many large mammals and rising sea levels and climate change that eventually caused man to migrate.
Mesolithic (about 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.)
- Characterized by stratigraphic layering of Auchelian stone tools
- They lived nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of water.
- The beginning of agriculture led to more permanent settlements in villages.
Neolithic (about 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.)
- Characterized by the development of agriculture and also tools and weapons made of polished stones.
-This Era began when groups of humans gave up lifestyles like the nomadic and hunter gatherer to begin farming and producing food, which led to an economic growth.
Example: In the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, Desert materials have been found associated with the earliest known cultivated plants in the New World. It appears that native American squash, peppers, and perhaps beans were being cultivated as early as 6500 BCE.
At this time, cultivated species formed only a small part of the total diet, the majority of foodstuffs being wild plants.
(about 3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.)
- Metal was first used.
- The spread of metal making technology resulted in the improvement of thermal processing of food.
- Early examples of consumerism can be traced back to the metal ages.
- Uncontrolled development of prehistoric consumerist society, resulted in reduction of non-renewable resources (woodland, ores etc.) and problems with environmental sustainability.
Example: The Argaric communities's agriculture in southern Spain began to develop. The clearing of forests, expansion of agriculture and creation of pastures and intensive gathering of fuel for metal making resulted in short-term economic gains, nonetheless, in the long term this contributed to the crisis that spelt the end of Argaric society.
(1,300 B.C. to 600 B.C.)
- There was an increased trade activity.
- New settlements emerging in the best connected locations.
- Agriculture keeps playing an important role in economic activities, which increases woodland clearance.
Example: There was an intensification of agriculture in northern China. Iron axes and hoes helped the clearing of new ground for cultivation. Additionally, iron tools enabled farmers to become much more productive leading to an economic expansion in the later Zhou period (c. 500-250 B.C.). This period saw the merchant class especially become more numerous, wealthier and more influential as a class.
In Wales, a distinct increase in woodland clearance persisted into the Iron Age, but in others there was woodland regeneration during the early and late Iron Age.
(600 B.C. - 500)
- Expeditions led by Alexander the Great, and Caesar, changed facilitated multi-national trade and production.
- Coins were first introduced and facilitated the expansion of trade and led to the development of larger towns and cities as centers of commerce.
- With the growing population, the population density also increased the vulnerability to food shortages and plague.
- Deforestation, complete loss of animals and plant species and agricultural declines did contribute to overextended economies of Greece and Rome.
Example: In Ancient Greece, summers were hot and dry, and winters were wet and windy, which caused difficulties for their farmers. Consequently, farming didn’t produce huge surpluses, and travel across the terrain was difficult, so they came to depend on the sea and became fishers, sailors, and merchants, which helped promote trading.
Spoiling trash, foul water, tainted soils, and industrial and urban effluent, contributed to increased disease and reduced military strength across the Roman Empire.
(about 500 C.E. to 1400-1500 C.E.)
- This period of history is characterized by the political system of feudalism, where the top of the power pyramid was a king, which was bless by the pope of the roman catholic church.
- The relation with environment was relatively well, although most of the people was adopting Christianism as the principal religion, they are still very superstitious about their surroundings, so they respect the different environments, to certain point.
- Also the global population was reduce almost at 50% by the different plagues and diseases that the new cities provoked.
-The economy was based in currency, this was to represent how much land do you possess. Also some economies grew pretty fast because of the trade and commerce they have with Asia, the maritim routes wher highly important, so the countries that have access to principall maritim routes have more power.
Example: The most representative case of the middle ages is the decrease of the population cause by a diseaseses, the most famous was the black death that devasted Europe, by almost a decade and a half. This meant that resources where extract in a less aggressive way. Most of the people in Europe were farmers that live in countryside, but the first hints of modern cities began here, although they still very small, only been towns.
(about 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.)
-This period was the human being start to put itself at center of the universe, this kind of philosophy lead to huge technological and scientific advances.
- Because this era of humanity goes from the beginning of the renaissance to the beginning of the industrial revolution, it is here where the trend that would later be more evident in the future begins, to exploit natural resources more quickly to satisfy the demand for the population.
-This was also a period with many movements, such as the Renaissance, where many dogmas were discarded by the scientific method. And also the discovery of America led to colonialism.
-This time was also characterized by the colonization of America, Asia and Africa, the European countries that arrive first they exploit the natural resources from these countries, and they stablish chains of supply to satisfy the Europe demands. So countries with colonies in these lands such as Spain, England, France, Belgium and Portugal, grew in power and in richness.
Example: In America during this period of colonization, the reign of Spain, created several supply chains and commercial routes to exploit the different resources that these discovered lands have. Resources such as sugar cane, which didn’t exist in America, were introduced, regardless of the possible damage it will cause to the local environment, also to build new cities, many of the ecosystems that existed were destroyed, for example the lake of Texcoco in Mexico.
(1700 C.E. - now.)
-This period the human being changes their economies base on the land or the resources, to an industries base economy, where the people who owns the industries
- Here the trend to exploit the natural resource in a very aggressive way, the offer and demand model have a strong influence
-This period has many social movements and revolutions, starting by the French revolution, whose change the form of government in Europe, and both world wars. Also, movement for civil rights and the universal declaration of human rights have been stablished in this era.
-The environment consequences and effects, produce by exploit of the resources, become more evident in the way we start using more and more resource without regulation.
Example: In the 1950s in London due to pollution caused by industries, a smog attack in 1952 that lasted 5 days, many people suffer from respiratory complications because of these, and traffic on the streets was also stopped due to the thickness of the smog.
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Encyclopedia Britannica. (2022). Middle Ages | Definition, Dates, Characteristics, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages
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University of Minnesota. (2016). 1.6 Cultural Periods – Understanding Media and Culture. https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/1-6-cultural-periods/