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MNEMONICS - cognitive psychology
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MNEMONICS
mnemonic
[ne-MAHN-ick] . English
Meaning
(n.) an active, strategic learning device or method to facilitate retention and
later retrieval of information.
Strengths lie in...
Strengths
3. The mnemonic providing a way to retrieve the material
1. Integration of the to be remembered material into an existing memory framework
2. Repeatedly practicing the association formed
providing a structure for information acquisition
Three principles
creation of durable and distinctive memories by using visual images, rhymes or other associations that created with efforts and rehearsed
Effectiveness
of mnemonic effectiveness
guiding through retrieval by providing cues for recalling information
Types
There are several types of mnemonics, and many of them overlap in how they work.
Which type works best is limited only by the imagination of each individual learner.
WHAT IS THE METHOD OF LOCI?
A classic mnemonic device that requires learners to visualize an ordered series of
physical locations as mnemonic cues for a
list of information.
The to-be-remembered items are mentally placed, one by one, into prememorized locations, with retrieval consisting of a
mental walk through the locations.
Method of Loci
Steps to use LOCI
Thinking made Visual !
Mentally place that thing into the first location
Choose a known set of locations that can be
recalled easily
How to use?
Now form a mental image of the first thing you want to remember
Continue and repeat the same process for the rest of things.
Arrange them in some order
At the time of recall
Take a "mental walk"
through your set of
locations, “looking” at the places and “seeing” the items you have placed there which facilitates effective recall
Then,
Distinctiveness Effect
Take notes-
DISTINCTIVE IS MEMORABLE
It is a "surprise response” of encountering something that violates your expectations-
a more bizarre image can be more memorable
Use interactive and visual imagery to form associative links with cue locations
If you study items more than once, the same cue location should be used for a given memory item
03
The cues must be memory images of geographic locations
02
04
Principles
05
01
Use a list of cues that you know well
During recall, cue your own memory by using the list of locations.
Principles of the use of LOCI
Interacting Images
Study : Kirkpatrick (1894)
Results: improved recall of list of concrete nouns when participants asked to form images of the words,
Interacting Images
Study : Bower (1970b)
Pair of words: Goat-pipe
Results: Those participants who were asked to form images remembered nearly double the number of paired associates.
Confounding: Even control participants may have used imgery.
Bower's Research indicated that...
For images to be maximally effective in paired associates, participants should try to form images that interact.
Outcome
It applies equally to the method-of-loci technique: the images should depict the target items interacting in some way with items at the various loci.
Set of ordered cues
PEG WORD METHOD
nouns organized in a sequence
Memorized rhyming list
pegs
this set of words is prememorized and rhyming
Peg Word Method
Involves Imagery
Study by Bugelski et al. (1968)
rhyming word and the to-be-remembered item form a mental
image
ACRONYMS & ACROSTICS
word created from the first letter of a group of words
sentence or a whole phrase instead of just one word
Nile Nile Flowing so long
Through Egypt, it's so strong,
Longest river, hear it's song
In Africa, where it belongs
SONGS & RHYMES
make songs out of information when a list of items must be learned
Others
put to-be-learnt information in the form of a poem with rhyming couplets
ASSOCIATIONS
link to-be-learnt material to something you already know well
stranger and sillier the scenario, the more likely you’ll remember it
Paivio's Dual-Coding Hypothesis
LTM: 2 CODING SYSTEMS
Dual
Coding
Hypothesis
VERBAL
VISUAL
Verbal label
Success
Difficult to retreive
Visual label
ABSTRACT
WORD
SUCCESS
Verbal label
ABSTRACT V/S CONCRETE WORDS
Cat
Easy to
retrieve
CONCRETE WORD/ PICTURE
CAT
Visual label
LEVELS OF IV
DV : RETENTION
CC list - chair, book
11.41
CA list - table, justice
10.01
Paivio (1965) experiment
EXPERIMENT
7.36
AC list - beauty, car
AA list - truth, grace
6.05
Paivio's reasoning
- Visual imagery - function of concreteness
- More concreteness - richer image, elaborate internal code
- Items coded verbally and visually - more paths, better retrieval
- Items coded verbally - one path - if forgotten or misplaced, hard to remember
Why?
PAIR OF NOUNS
STIMULUS NOUN
RESPONSE NOUN
gets "hooked" or attached
But why is CA > AC?
CONCEPTUAL PEG OR MENTAL ANCHOR
Thus,
CA > AC
More imaginable - better memory
Imagery --> more associations between items to be remembered
Bower's relational organizational hypothesis (1970b)
Greater number of "hooks" or "links"
Relational Organizational Hypothesis
"Building associations is crucial, not simply forming imagery"
Interactive imagery creates more links between target information and other information -->easier retrieval
Bower (1970b) experiment
Aim
Procedure
To distinguish between the dual-coding and the relational-organizational hypotheses.
Participants were divided into three groups, each given different instructions for a paired-associates learning task.
Group 1- use “overt rote repetition” (rehearse aloud)
Group 2- construct two images that did not interact and were “separated in imaginal space”
Group 3- construct an interactive scene of the two words in a pair.
Results
Conclusion
All participants recognized about 85% of the previously seen words. Recall differed greatly.
Group 1- 30%
Group 2- 27%
Group 3- 53%
- It is not imagery that helps memory but the way in which imagery is used.
- Interacting images create or suggest more links between the target information and other information, making the target information easier to retrieve.
Conclusion
Conclusion
The overall picture
Overview
MNEMONICS
Types
Paivio's dual coding hypothesis
Bower's relational-organizational hypothesis
- Interacting images
- Method of Loci
- concreteness=richer images=enhanced memory
- Peg-word method
- Building associations between items to be remembered
- greater hooks or links
Khushee Kadam 245
Akankshya Patnaik 246
Khushi Goradia 247
Priyal Sanghavi 248
Presented by
Tanya Dsouza 256
Prachiti Navlakhe 258
Naomi Hegde 274