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Transcript

Definition

Why are they important?

Why do we use reasoning in

ELA?

Why is it important?

Reasoning and Faulty Logic (Fallacies)

The

End

By: Garrett Allums, Alyssa Lam, Kaylee Renna, and Agustin Andrade

What is Reasoning?

Reasoning is process of making a decision based on reasons that are presented to you.

Why is it Important?

Reasoning is important because it can be a factor in what decisions we make on a daily basis, from what restaurant we eat at, to what candidate we vote for in the presidential election.

Further

information provided here.

Types of Reasoning:

Inductive Reasoning:

The process of using patterns to reach a concluding statement.

Deductive Reasoning:

Uses definitions, facts, rules, or properties to reach a concluding statement.

How Do we use reasoning Daily?

Reasoning

We use reasoning daily when we are talking or arguing with other people. We may be trying to prove a point or try to get the other person to see their way of thinking. One example is when people are deciding where they want to go eat for dinner.

How do we use reasoning in language arts?

Further examples that we have used in class

We use reasoning in language arts to use in writing for our argumentative essays as evidence and elaboration. We can also use it to determine the different possible messages in a book. poem, or essay.

Examples

  • Various fantasy novels we have done (Tales of King Arthur)
  • Gathering evidence that is reliable (Cell Phone Essay, Amelia Earhart)
  • Having a Socratic Seminar and using evidence we have gathered to support our topics

What are fallacies?

A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning that often starts with a false assumption or mistaken beliefs

What are

Fallacies?

Examples of Fallacies

Fallacies

Circular reasoning: Repeating an idea rather than providing evidence

Either/or: A statement that suggests there are only two choices available in a situation that really offers more.

Over-generalization: A generalization that is too broad.

WHY IS IT important to know logical fallacies for your writing?

During the writing process, it is important to be able to identify logical fallacies for many reasons. If you can identify logical fallacies, you are able to use them to develop a strong counter argument. You must also be able to identify logical fallacies so that you can know whether evidence (reasoning) is true or not.

What is the difference between a weak and a strong argument?

Arguments

Strong arguments have strong, compelling evidence that is convincing and is able to persuade the reader. Weak arguments do not have this kind of evidence, its evidence is insufficient and lacking reasoning. It's unconvincing and doesn't really have an effect on the reader.

lets Examine some fallacies!

There are many different fallacies ,not just the fallacies we listed previously on the "What are fallacies" bubble.

Fallacy Examples

Post hoc FAllacy

Post Hoc

The post hoc fallacy is a fallacy that goes as follows: If event B follows event A, then that means event B had been caused by event A.

Begging the Claim

Begging the claim is a fallacy which makes a "fact" out of a blatant assumption/opinion. (e.g. "The new iPhone is the best on the market!"

Begging the Claim

ex: The new iPhone is the new

Circular Argument

Circular Argument

Circular argument is where the author starts their argument with what they will end it with. The ending connects with the beginning, its like going in a circle (hence the name).

AD hominen

Ad hominen is a fallacy that is present when a person attacks someone who is advancing a statement or supporting an argument instead of disproving the truth.

Let's say that Agustin says that computers are a good tool in classrooms.

But before he says anything else I say that it is not true and computers are a bad tool. This is a fallacy because I do not provide any evidence and jump straight to disproving him.

Ad hominen

Bandwagon Appeal

Bandwagon appeal is when people assume that because something is better/the best since everyone else thinks that it is (herd behavior).

Bandwagon Appeal

Red Herring

Red herring is an attempt to mislead or direct from the relevant topic.

Red Herring

Scare tactic

Scare tactic is when someone or something uses fear to influence people's opinions and actions.

Scare Tactic

Hasty Generalization

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which there is a claim that isn't backed up by evidence in any way, shape, or form, usually generalizing a full group of people.

"All 6th graders are dumb and stupid!"

Traditional Wisdom

Traditional Wisdom is basically the statement of "This is right because we have always done it this way" it is where a statement is based of tradition instead of actual, proven, confirmed, facts.

Traditional wisdom

Straw Man Fallacy

Ignores a person's actual perspective and substitutes a distorted, misrepresented, or exaggerated version of that perspective.

Straw man

Moral equivalence

Moral

Equivalence

Moral equivalence is when someone compares something to another, saying they are the same just because they have a minor similarity.

Causation VS Correlation

Causation/Correlation

The idea that correlation implies causation, almost like the post hoc fallacy. Event B happened after Event A, so Event A caused Event B.

Appeal to Emotion Fallacy

Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or captivating argument.

Appeal To Emotion

Either or Fallacy

Issues are presented with only two outcomes available, and ignores other alternatives.

Either or fallacy

The End

Thank You!

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