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DNA nanotechnology
5
DNA Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
AuNPs / AuNRs
2. DNA Nanotechnologies for the Establishment of Theranostic Nanoplatforms
4. Other Materials Integrated with DNA
Gaadh Al-marhabi
Reem Alhawshabi
Bashayr Harasi
Rahaf Alsulami
Omnia Alhasawie
Cancer
Introduction
Cancer is a disease characterized by infinite cell growth and uncontrolled, which are not normal cells, and characterized by hostility, they multiply and attack neighboring and far away cells and destroy, and this disease affects almost all organs of the body, as it affects all age groups, and even the fetus in His mother's belly.
Cancer
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, because of the lack of accurate
diagnostic tools for the early stages of cancer. Thus, early diagnosis, which provides important
information for a timely therapy of cancer, is of great significance for controlling the development
of the disease and the proliferation of cancer cells and for improving the survival rates of patients.
To achieve the goals of early diagnosis and timely therapy of cancer, DNA nanotechnology may be
effective, since it has emerged as a valid technique for the fabrication of various nanoscale structures
and devices .
DNA Nanotechnoloy
DNA nanotechnology, a technique applying the biomolecular self-assembly property of DNA, has a wide range of applications in various disciplines, especially in synthetic biology, chemical analysis, and drug delivery .
Upon the formation of specific base pairs, DNA strands hybridize with each other and can then be easily engineered into a functional nanostructure with highly spatial programmability such as designed DNA nanodevices compatible with the immune system and DNA-based smart drug-delivery vehicles
As a natural molecule, DNA can be used to build functional nanostructures through adenine
(A)–thymine (T) and guanine (G)–Cytosine (C) Watson–Crick base pairing (bp). Followed by
specific base pairing, DNA self-assembly can acquire properties, such as:
_ molecular recognition and
assembled structure construction, which may be utilized in a variety of applications, including targeted
cancer diagnosis and therapy
2.1-DNA Origami-Based Theranostic Nanoplatform
DNA origami nanostructure :
is regarded as a nanoplatform that can provide opportunities to develop a large number of applications, including biosensing for cancer diagnosis and drug delivery for cancer therapy
-DNA Origami-Based Theranostic Nanoplatform
DNA origami, a self-assembled structure, is capable of localizing DNA hybridization reactions :
-two-dimensional (2D) lattices
-three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled
nanostructures
-DNA tetrahedron, a 3D self-assembled DNA origami nanostructure
Its uses:
is widely used as a sensitive biosensing probe which can be rapidly internalized by a caveolin-dependent pathway
-DNA Hydrogel-Based Theranostic Nanoplatform
Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic polymers that have been widely used:
because of their good biocompatibility, plasticity, and
capabilityof providing 3D scaffolds ;and DNA-based hydrogels have drawn great attention because of
the unique features brought by nucleic acids, such as stability, flexibility, precise programmability,
switchable properties
gold nanomaterials, such as
1- gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
2- gold nanorods (AuNRs)
have shown great potential for targeting and drug delivery.
AuNPs are among the most extensively studied nanomaterials:
1- because of their high stability. 2- the especially their extraordinary optical and electrical properties.
first type
AuNPs
AuNPs can be easily coupled
with DNA
1-by covalent binding
2-electrostatic interaction
to obtain receptors specifically targeting biomarkers on cancer cells
AuNRs
AuNRs converts photothermal into light and is widely used in phototherapy by authorization to photoelectricity.
Displacement and amplification were performed by NIR light for miRNA imaging and quantification in multiple spherical cancer cells
second type
Advantges
1-ease of synthesis
2- controllable shape
optical properties
1-medical imaging
2- photothermal therapy in the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy.
The Other Materials Integrated with DNA :
1) 2D Nanosheets Integrated with DNA .
2) Fluorescent Nanoparticles Integrated with DNA .
3) Magnetic Nanoparticles Integrated with DNA .
3
2D Nanosheets Integrated
with DNA
As a 2D nanosheet structure, graphene or graphene oxide (GO) is a single layer of graphite
the 2D nanosheets are usually modified with DNA , why ?
1
Because ;
1) the graphene excellent DNA adsorption ability
2) easiness of functionalization
3) surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) property
4) fluorescence quenching ability
GO–DNA nanosystem
developed a GO–DNA nanosystem to facilitate the detection of intracellular multiplex microRNAs.
what is the GO–DNA nanosystem ?
GO–DNA nanosystem
this system is contain to common anchor sequence of DNA was conjugated onto GO surface via
Schematic structure
the schem show two different strategies for constructing nanosystems for miRNA detection , the full conjugation strategy and the graft/base-pairing strategy mediated by a
common anchor sequence.
The Benefits Of This System :
the benefits
of this
system
1) specifically differentiate miRNAs in living cells
2) high stability in a complex biological environment
3) high resistance to nuclease
Fluorescent Nanoparticles Integrated with DNA
2
semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been widely used as a new class of fluorescent
The high quantum yield and fluorescence signal properties of QDs made them suitable for cancer cells
linear QD–aptamer polymers
to constitute linear QD–aptamer polymers (QAPs) :
linear QD–aptamer polymers
use some aptamers on the strategy that using DNA copolymerized QDs
coupled with QDs through hybridization chain reaction
obtained a strong fluorescent signal from cancer cells with high resolution, by using QDs at very low concentrations
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)
it's kind of fluorescent nanomaterials and the Modification of UCNPs by using DNA nanotechnology , caused :
Upconversion nanoparticles
1) excellent physio-chemical properties
2) excitation with near-infrared light
3) high signal-to-noise ratios
4) chemical stability
5) low toxicity
Magnetic Nanoparticles Integrated with DNA
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) play an important role in various biomedical applications , such as :
1) medical imaging
2) cancer therapy
3) magnetic separation
colorimetric method for cancer cell detection
developed an easy and intuitive dispersion-dominated colorimetric strategy for cancer cell detection based on a kind of aptamer magnetic bead bioconjugate
DNA can self-assemble to become a functional nanostructure, which has been widely used for;
Conclusion
cells imaging and targeted drug delivery.
Also,by employing a variety of nanomaterials, such as;
magnetic nanoparticles
gold nanomaterials
fluorescent nanoparticles
nanosheets
Disadvantages
- induction of undesired immune responses.
- poor efficacy of transport.
- poor stability in the tumor environment.
DNA can be more efficiently utilized in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Despite the inherent disadvantages, great advances have already been made to overcome these challenges so to achieve early tumor diagnosis and precise treatment in a near future.
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/6/1671/htm
Reference
Thank's