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Reconstruction

(1865-1877)

Presented by Maritza V. Morris for Laredo College

Chapter Objectives

  • Describe the changed world of ex-slaves after the Civil War
  • Outline different phases of reconstruction (Lincoln’s Plan through Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction).
  • Explain how Reconstruction evolved at the individual states’ level.
  • Evaluate and understand the relative success of Reconstruction.

Post Civil War South

Civil War Devastated the South

  • Economic
  • Social
  • Not mentally (Morale)

Civil War Devastated the South

Reconstruction Challenges

Defining Freedom

How to reinstate southern states into the Union

Defining Freedom

What is Freedom?

Defining Freedom

  • Different people have different meanings

  • Masters wanted it to mean lack of slavery
  • North specifics of reintegration into Union
  • Slaves wanted equality and opportunity

Instant Freedom?

Instant Freedom?

Confusion and Reactions:

  • Refusal
  • Complexities of Master/ Slave relationships

What's Next?

What's Next?

  • Reuniting
  • Building Communities
  • Freedman's Bureau (1865-1872)

Southerners React

Southerners React

Black Codes (4 main points)

Consequences (2 main points)

Sharecropping (Grimes Family Document)

Political Battle for Reconstruction

Political Battle for Reconstruction

1863- 10% Reconstruction Plan w/ restoration of state gov't

1864- Wade-Davis Bill (50% Reconstruction Plan) Much stronger safeguards

Lincoln- Pocket-vetoes bill

Different Ideologies

Moderate Republicans

Radical Republicans

Radical Republicans

Radical Republicans

  • Believed South had forfeited their rights
  • "Conquered Provinces" = Congress dictates terms for reintegration

  • Want Stiffer terms for reentering Union:
  • Uproot social structure
  • Punish
  • Fed gov't takes responsibility for protecting freedoms

Moderate Republicans

Moderate Republicans

Mostly agreed with Lincoln and wanted an EASY system to restore the Union

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan (1865)

  • Appoints provisional governors
  • Special political conventions
  • 10% gov't
  • Granted many pardons
  • Allowed elites to restore gov't

Johnson vs. Congress

Battle for Control of Reconstruction

14th Amendment (1866/ r. 1868)

Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867)

5 military disctricts, policed by soldiers

Race riots

15th Amendment (1869/ r. 1870)

End of Reconstruction

Mississippi Plan

(1875)

Use of violence, suppression, buying black votes

*to regain control of legislature & governor's office

*successful, adopted in SC & other states

*violence goes unchecked, Grant refuses to act

Compromise of 1877

1876 Presidential Election

(Rutherford B. Hayes & Samuel J. Tilden)

"Lost Cause" and "Redemption Complete

Birth of a New South

"Gospel of the New South" : Henry Grady

Southern Industrial Development

textile mills, cigarette factories, timber, coal mining

New forms of agricultural labor

Tenant farming, sharecropping

(Crop liens, debt peonage, contract provisions)

Subjugation of African Americans

Subjugation of African Americans

Homer A. Plessy

Economic: Sharecropping, low wages

Violence as a means of subjugation

Lynching & the KKK

Legal & customary subjugation: Jim Crow

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) "Seperate but Equal"

Disenfranchisement: Poll taxes, literacy tests

African American Response

Booker T. Washington

W.E. B. Dubois

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