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Punctuation
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A guide for shaping your sentences.
Clauses
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A clause a group of words with a subject and a verb.
Some clauses work as stand-alone sentences. These are INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.
I rode a horse.
Some clauses are not complete sentences. These are DEPENDENT CLAUSES.
After he fell.
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Commas
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Commas create pauses or separations in your writing. Use them to...
- dilineate items in a list
- separate two interchangeable adjectives
- to join a dependant clause to a sentence
- join independent clauses with a transition word
- to set off non essential information
Commas create a slight pause, cause minimal interruption
Parenthesese
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Parenthesese also create separations and pauses. They must be used in pairs.
They create more distinction than commas.
They feel inimate.
They make information feel inessential.
They often read as an aside.
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Em Dashes ----
An em dash creates separation too, but em dashes can be used individually or in pairs. They create a larger pause.
Use them when you want to interupt yourself.
They make your tangent feel important.
—to make one on a PC: Alt + (0151)
—to make one on a Mac: Shift + Option + Hyphen
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Colon & Semicolon
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A colon is like an equal sign. It creates equivalencies or introduces lists.
A semicolon can work as a connective period (tying together two connected sentences) or as a strong comma (creating separating between complex items in a list).
Other Fun Punctuation:
ellipsis ...
indicates trailing thoughts, pauses, or missing information.
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brackets [ ]
indicate changes or additions in quoted material
interrobang !?
creates an exclamitory question