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The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the conquest, colonisation and settlement of Australia, as without it would be nearly impossible for Britain to conquer and colonise Australia like it did, for they would not the technological developments in place yet.
Due to the Industrial Revolution, Britain was rapidly growing its population, Britain was dire lead of more land, especially as America had also won the Independance war and this would have cut off a lot of their options a few of the main reasons they needed more land was:
The Industrial Revolution caused Britain to be overpopulated due to a variety of reasons. For one, there was more medicine available and more people had the opportunity to an education, resulting in more accuracy in medicines. This caused the population of Britain to grow, however, the land still remained the same. Additionally, America had also recently won the independance war and was now a country separate from the British Empire, meaning that Britain no longer had the same access or control over America's resources and land.
Along with this, the British had also made stricters laws and more laws, and the living expenses were ridicously high, therefore more people were imprisoned as there was already an increase in the population, This caused the prisons to become overcrowded and the diseases in prisons would spread quickly, and the British government became worried that these same diseases would end up spreading to people on the mainlands, including themselves. So, they began looking for a solution to their problems and eventually they would find one now known as Australia.
Due to the overpopulation in the country there was an increase in resources all over Britain. This included the textile factories that had opened and the coal that would help in powering these factories. With America not supplying these resources to Britain anymore, Britain had to act quickly to find a new outlet for their resources and supplies they needed to ensure their economy remained stable. Australia was a country that provided these resources to Britain and in the future, it would also provide an ample amount of gold.
The settlement of Australia was not only the result of the Industrial Revolution due to the overpopulation & dire need for resources in Britain but also the result of the advanced technology that Britain had in comparison to Australia and the Indigenous people.
This is as the Euorpeans could only legally settle and conquer Australia once they felt that the people who were already occupying the land agreed. So, they presented a few bits and pieces of their advanced technology to the Avoriginal people in exchange for their land, and the Aboringals, who were unaware of what taking the items meant, took the items, thinking it was a gift, while the Europeans thought that this meant Australia was now officially their land, their terrority.
Map of Britain to England (First Fleet)
11 ships, with a group of over 1,400 people left on the First Fleet, which departed from Portsmouth on May 13th, 1787. This included more than 700 convincts.
North
The first fleet briefly stopped here
The first fleet stopped in Rio de Janerio to get more supplies for their journey, along with more food as well.
After a long time of travel, the first fleet finally arrived in Botany Bay on 26th January, 1788.
The first fleet stopped here to take even larger supplies of food, this consisted of livestock as well.
Source: https://firstfleetfellowship.org.au/ships/the-voyage/
Not to scale
Key
route
The main reason that Chinese moved to Australia was due to the gold rush - they came to Australia to collect gold and then take it back with them to their own respective countries.
Living & working conditions were extremely hard for people working in the gold rush, particularly the Chinese as along with the normal difficulities they faced racism as well.
Most chinese migrants lived in the goldfields which had almost unbearable living conditions. For one, most people lived in tents and supplies of water and fresh food were very limited and scarce. Along with that, the hgyiene was also extremely poor. These unsanitary conditions led to spread of diseases, such as typhoid and the Europeans would blame the Chinese immigrants for these diseases as they believed that they caused these diseases and spread them to the Europeans and their children,
The Chinese immigrants also faced many other instances of racism while working in the mines
The Chinese came to Australia due to many reasons, such as war and political issues, but the main reason was the gold rush occurring in Australia.
The travelling conditions for the Chinese were difficult due to the natural weather causing disruptions in their journey. Along with this, the tax act that a few of the states in Australia had put would also cause hardships for the Chinese people and in order to avoid the tax, the Chinese would travel around to a state where there was no tax required to enter, causing their journey to become longer. This also meant that they would have to walk their way to the state they actually wanted to visit and this resulted in them having to store a larger food supply and ration their food more than they normally would due the journey being longer.
The Chinese faced many hardships during their journey to Australia.
Written Sources
official government document from 1888, around the gold rush era.
Both these written sources are primary sources, however, the reliability of the source to the left is questionable. This is as it clearly has a biased perspective and only portrays the perspective of the Europeans, completely ignoring the opinions of any other residents of Australia. This is supported by the fact that the most noticeable bit of the source is the text that the 'CHINESE MUST GO', without any explicit evidence or claims to support this. The second source too, has a biased perspective as it is written by the government, which at the time would racially discriminate against non-Europeans.
Though the second source does have some sort of reliability. As it is an official government document, it is a reliable source when it comes to the relationships between the Chinese and the Europeans during this time-frame, at least from the perspective of Europeans. Additionally, it can also assis in showing how the Europeans viewed the Chinese, even if it cannot give an accurate representation of who the Chinese people actually were. Thefore, though the sources have some flaws to them, they are still useful primary sources when it comes to discovering more about the history of Australia and its discovery.
The Chinese are shown attacking the Europeans again, while they protest against the Chinese being here and some Europeans also seem like they're on the ground, the artist may want it to appear like the Chinese caused that.
There are European's in the grasp of the Chinese and there are words that describe how 'cruel', Chinese people are in the eyes of the Europeans
The Europeans are shown protesting against the presence of the Chinese people again
As shown in the two sources above, the Europeans in Australia despised the presence of the Chinese people in Australia. They did not want anyone to interfere with the white Australia that they had in mind. So they put many acts in place to prevent the Chinese from coming to Australia, because they did not want them to 'contaminate the country'. They created many advertisements that would promote their wish for a white Australia and the advertisements also antagonised the Chinese, like the source on the left. As said in the source they believed the Chinese were immoral, would causes diseases to spread and were some sorts of dictators that were set out to take over Australia. This is as they thought the Chinese were an inferior race, because they didn't have the same technological advancements as Britain did and they weren't as developed as Australia or Britain. Beneath all of this, the Europeans feared that with the increasing number in the Chinese population, the Chinese would take over as the largest ethnicity in Australia. The Europeans in Australia absolutely despised the Chinese and did not want to them come over during the gold rush,
The feelings that Europeans had towards the Chinese, were reciporcated from the Chinese people as well. They believed that they were better than the Europeans as they reached the point of development that Britain had well before Britain did and that they should be treating the Europeans as the inferior race, not the other way around. This is supported by the source as the source says that "China received a very high stage of civillisation when Britain was pecpied by naked savages," this is indirectly taunting Britain for not being as advanced as China years ago, when China was the civillisation with a higher position of power.
Chinese Business History in Queensland - Gold rush: 1851-1881. (2020, May 14). State Library of Queensland. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/chinese-business-history-queensland-gold-rush-1851-1881
Chinese on the goldfields | MHNSW. (n.d.). Museums of History NSW. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://mhnsw.au/stories/general/chinese-goldfields/
Making a nation Defining Moments, 1750–1901 | 2.3 1880 How were Chinese migrants portrayed in Australia? | Australia’s Defining Moments Digital Classroom | National Museum of Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://digital-classroom.nma.gov.au/learning-modules/making-nation-defining-moments-1750-1901/23-1880-how-were-chinese-migrants-portrayed-australia
National Museum of Australia; c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=National Museum of Australia. (n.d.-a). Chinese gold miners | National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/harvest-of-endurance/scroll/chinese-gold-miners
National Museum of Australia; c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=National Museum of Australia. (n.d.-b). Chinese gold miners | National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/harvest-of-endurance/scroll/chinese-gold-miners
National Museum of Australia; c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=National Museum of Australia. (n.d.-c). Chinese gold miners | National Museum of Australia. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/harvest-of-endurance/scroll/chinese-gold-miners
The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove | Australia’s Defining Moments Digital Classroom | National Museum of Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://digital-classroom.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/first-fleet-arrives-sydney-cove#:~:text=The%20First%20Fleet%20of%2011,of%20convict%20settlement%20in%20Australia.