Voici 

Prezi AI.

Votre nouvel assistant de présentation.

Affinez, améliorez et adaptez votre contenu, trouvez des images pertinentes et éditez des visuels plus rapidement que jamais.

Chargement...
Transcription

Globalization and Regionalization

THANK YOU

The most common trends in contemporary world development are on the one hand, the process of globalization increased the activity of regional integration, Globalization and Regionalization are some of the most controversial concept.

INTRODUCTION OF GLOBALIZATION

THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION

The processes of globalizaion and regionalization reemerged during the 1980's and heightened after the end of the COLD WAR in the 1990's.

At first, these two processes are contradicting since GLOBALIZATION, by definition is GLOBAL while REGIONALIZATION is NATURALLY REGIONAL.

THE REGIONALIZATION OF THE WORLD SYSTEM AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Undermines the potential benefits coming out from a liberalized global economy. Why?

BECAUSE REGIONAL OGRANIZATIONS PREFER REGIONAL PARTNERS OVER THE REST.

REGIONAL ORGANIZATION

RESPOND TO THE STATES ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE PERCEIVED NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION.

THEREFORE, REGIONALISM IS A SORT OF COUNTER-GLOBALIZATION.

IN A 2007 SURVEY

THE FINANCIAL TIMES REVEALED THAT MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS CONSIDERED THAT GLOBALIZATION BRINGS NEGATIVE EFFECTS TO THERE SOCITIES ( AS CITED IN JACOBY AND MEUNIER,2010)

JACOBY, WADE

SOPHIE, MEUNIER

MANY POLICY MAKERS AND SCHOLARS

THINK THAT GLOBALIZATION MUST BE REGULATED AND MANAGED.

THE THREATS OF AN "UNGOVERNED GLOBALIZATION" CAN BE COUNTERED WHAT JACOBY AND MEUNIER CALLED MANAGE GLOBALIZATION; IT REFERS TO " ALL ATTEMPTS TO MAKE GLOBALIZATION MORE PALATABLE TO CITIZENS" (P.1)

IT IS IMPORTANT HOWEVER, TO CONSIDER THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTER REGIONAL.

1. THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

2.THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) OR

3. THE SOUTH AMERICAN TRADE BLOC, MERCOSUR.

"CONTAGION EFFECT" (HELD ET AL., 2005 P.77) HAS SPREAD DURING THE PAST YEARS

WHAT IS CONTAGION EFFECT?

- A CONTAGION EFFECT IS THE SPREAD OF AN ECONOMIC CRISIS FROM ONE MARKET OR REGION TO ANOTHER AND CAN OCCUR AT BOTH A DOMESTIC OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.

MANY ACADEMICS AND ANALYSTS SEE CONTAGIONS AS BEING PRIMARILY SYMPTOMATIC OF GLOBAL MARKET INTERDEPENDENCE.

USUALLY ASSOCIAITED WITH FINANCIAL CRISIS, CONTAGIONS CAN BE MANIFESTED AS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES DIFFUSED FROM ONE CRASHING MARKET TO ANOTHER.

REGIONALIZATION IN ONE PART OF THE WORLD ENCOURAGES REGIONALIZATION ELSEWHERE

WHETHER BY LIMITATION, LIKE THE SUCCESS OF THE EUROPEAN SINGLE MARKET, OR BY DEFENSIVE REACTION, SUCH AS MERCOSUR'S ESTABLISHMENT AS RESPONSE TO THE CREATION OF NAFTA.

WORLD ENCOURAGES REGIONALIZATION

NAFTA

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

IT IS A TREATY ENTERED INTO BY THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND MEXICO:

IT WENT INTO EFFECT ON JANUARY 1, 1994

(FREE TRADE HAD EXISTED BETWEEN THE U.S. AND CANADA SINCE 1989; NAFTA BROADENED THAT ARRANGEMENT.) ON THAT DAY, THE THREE COUNTRIES BECAME THE LARGEST FREE MARKET IN THE WORLD, THE COMBINED ECONOMIES OF THE THREE NATIONS AT THAT TIME MEASURED $6 TRILLION AND DIRECTLY AFFECTED MORE THAN 365 MILLION PEOPLE.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

IT WAS CREATED TO ELIMINATE TARIFF BARRIERS TO AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND SERVICES; TO REMOVE INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS; AND TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. THIS WAS TO BE DONE WHILE ALSO ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL AND LABOR CONCERNS (ALTHOUGH MANY OBSERVERS CHARGE THAT THE THREE GOVERNMENTS HAVE BEEN LAX IN ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL AND LABOR SAFEGUARD SINCE THE AGREEMENT WENT INTO EFFECT). SMALL BUSINESSES WERE AMONG THOSE THAT WERE EXPECTED TO BENEFIT THE MOST FROM THE LOWERING OF TRADE BARRIERS SINCE IT WOULD MAKE DOING BUSINESS IN MEXICO AND CANADA LESS EXPENSIVE AND WOULD REDUCE THE RED TAPE NEEDED TO IMPORT OR EXPORT GOODS.

ACCORDING TO THE PRIOR STATEMENT, REGIONALIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERREGIONALISM WOULD INDEED BE GLOBAL IN NATURE.

HELD ET AL. (2005) CLAIMED, "THE NEW REGIONALISM IS NOT A BARRIER TO POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION, BUT ON THE CONTRARY, ENTIRELY COMPATIBLE WITH IT IF NOT AN INDIRECT ENCOURAGEMENT." (P.77)

CONTAGION

IN A DOMESTIC MARKET, IT CAN OCCUR IF ONE LARGE BANK SELLS MOST OF ITS ASSETS QUICKLY AND CONFIDENCE IN OTHER LARGE BANKS DROPS ACCORDINGLY. IN PRINCIPLE, THE SAME PROCESS OCCURS WHEN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS CRASH, WITH CROSS BORDER INVESTMENT AND TRADE CONTRIBUTING TO A DOMINO EFFECT OF CLOSELY CORRELATED REGIONAL CURRENCIES, AS IN THE 1997 CRISIS WHEN THE THAI BAHT COLLAPSED. THIS WATERSHED MOMENT, THE ROOTS OF WHICH LAY IN GROSS EXCESS OF DOLLAR DENOMANATED DEBT IN THE REGION, QUICKLY SPREAD TO NEARBY EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES RESULTING IN WIDESPREAD CURRENCY AND MARKET CRISES IN THE REGION. THE FALLOUT FROM THE CRISIS ALSO STRUCK EMERGING MARKETS IN LATIN AMERICA AND EASTERN EUROPE, WHICH IS INDICATIVE OF THE CAPACITY OF CONAGIONS TO SPREAD QUICKLY BEYOND REGIONAL MARKETS.

SWEENEY, 2005, P.203 SAID,

"GLOBALIZATION GOES BACK TO WHEN HUMANS FIRST PUT A BOAT INTO THE SEA."

JACOBY AND MEUNIER, 2010, P,1 SAID,

WE CAN UNDERSTAND GLOBALIZATION AS "THE INCREASED FLOWS OF GOODS, SERVICES, CAPITAL, PEOPLE, AND INFORMATION ACROSS BORDERS"

REGION IS A GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN THE SAME GEOGRAPHICALLY SPECIFIED AREA.

(MANSFIELD AND MILNER. 1999)

REGION AND REGIONALIZAION

EDWARD MANSFIELD

HELEN MILNER

REGIONALIZATION IS THE SOCIETAL INTEGRATION AND THE OFTEN UNDIRECTED PROCESS OF "SOCIAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION". (HURRELL,2007, P.4)

REGIONALIZATION

WHAT IS REGIONALIZATION?

REGIONALIZATION IS THE FORMAL PROCESS OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL COLLABORATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE STATES. ( RAVENHILL,2008, P. 174)

REASON BEHIND REGIONALISM

JOHN RAVENHILL

-THE CONCERN FOR SECURITY, WHICH IS TO INSURE PEACE AND STABILITY.

-CONFIDENCE BUILDING THAT CAN BE ENHANCED THROUGH ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITHIN A REGION.

-THE ASEAN AND THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATIONS THAT SEEK STRONG SECURITY IN ASIA THROUGH COOPERATION

REASON BEHIND REGIONALISM

WHAT WAS THE MAIN MOTIVATION BEHDIND CONTEMPORARY REGIONALIZATION?

ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS ARE ARGUABLY THE MAIN MOTIVATION BEHIND CONTEMPORARY REGIONALIZATION. BY ENTERING REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, ASIAN STATES MAY REGAIN SOME CONTROL OVER FLOWS OF CAPITAL AND ENHANCE THEIR BARGAINING POWER AGAINST TRANS NATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTORS SUCH AS INVESTMENT GROUPS OR TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs) (DE MARTINO AND GRABEL,2003)

MAIN MOTIVATION BEHIND CONTEMPORARY REGIONALIZATION

ILENE GRABEL

GEORGE DE MARTINO

ASIDE FROM WHAT WAS MENTIONED, DOMESTIC COMPANIES MAY BENEFIT FROM BELONGING TO A REGIONAL MARKET BIG ENOUGH TO ALLOW THEM SKILL ECONOMIES WHILE STILL BEING PROTECTED FROM GLOBAL COMPETION. IN THE WORDS, REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ALLOW NATIONAL COMPANIES THE OPPORTUNITY TO SUCCEED IN A PROTECTED BUT BIG ENOUGH MARKET IN A WAY THAT THEY WOULD OTHERWISE FAIL IF EXPOSE TO GLOBAL COMPETITION

FINALLY, NON STATE ACTORS, SUCH AS TNCs, ACT AS DRIVING FORCE TOWARD REGIONALISM. THIS TNCs, WHOSE COUNTRIES ARE NOT PART OF A GIVEN REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT, FIND THEMSELVES IN A DISADVANTAGED COMMERCIAL SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO COMPETING COMPANIES BELONGINGS TO THE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION IN QUESTION.

GIVEN THIS SITUATION (MENTION A WHILE BACK), RAVENHILL(2008) SAID THAT DISADVANTAGED TNCs WILL LOBBY THEIR NATION GOVERNMENT TO SIGN SIMILAR TRADE AGREEMENTS IN ORDER TO END THEIR DISADVANTAGE COMMERCIAL SITUATION.

MENTIONED BY RAVENHILL

Apprenez-en plus sur la création de présentations dynamiques et engageantes avec Prezi