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is a type of isolation transformer that is used in Ethernet networks to provide galvanic isolation between the network interface card (NIC) and the Ethernet cable. Galvanic isolation refers to the prevention of direct electrical contact between two circuits, which can protect against electrical noise, voltage spikes, and ground loops.
In an Ethernet system, the NIC sends and receives electrical signals over the Ethernet cable to communicate with other devices on the network. However, these signals can be affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and other electrical noise, which can degrade the quality of the data transmission and make it more susceptible to errors.
To address this issue, the LAN transformer is used to isolate the NIC from the Ethernet cable.
The transformer has two windings: the primary winding, which is connected to the NIC, and the secondary winding, which is connected to the Ethernet cable.
When data is sent from the NIC to the Ethernet cable, the electrical signal from the NIC is converted into a magnetic field by the primary winding of the transformer. This magnetic field induces a corresponding electrical signal on the secondary winding, which is then sent out to the Ethernet cable. The magnetic coupling between the two windings allows for the transmission of data without the need for direct electrical contact between the NIC and the Ethernet cable.
Similarly, when data is received from the Ethernet cable, the electrical signal from the cable induces a magnetic field on the secondary winding of the transformer, which is then transferred to the primary winding and the NIC as an electrical signal.
The LAN transformer also provides impedance matching between the NIC and the Ethernet cable, which helps to ensure that the electrical signals are properly matched to the cable's characteristic impedance. This matching helps to reduce reflections and improve the quality of the data transmission.
In addition to galvanic isolation and impedance matching, the LAN transformer also provides protection against voltage surges and other electrical interference that can damage the NIC or other components of the Ethernet system.