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In their 2nd year, most children are willing to share objects and treats with their parents and with other children.
An emotional response to another’s emotional state or condition (e.g., sadness, poverty) that reflects the other person’s state or condition (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Knafo-Noam, 2015).
a feeling of concern for another in response to the other’s emotional state or condition.
Element of concern
Not merely feeling the same emotion as the other person.
Another form of prosocial behavior, one that may be driven by sympathy but may also be driven by a child’s sense of fairness.
Children as young as 14 months of age are able to cooperate with another child or adult to reach a goal that will benefit them both, namely getting prizes (Warneken & Tomasello, 2007).
Genetic factors do contribute to individual differences in these characteristics (e.g., Waldman et al., 2011).
On the basis of heritability estimates it appears that the role of genetic factors in the children’s prosocial concerns for others and in their prosocial behavior increases with age (Knafo et al., 2008).
Researchers have identified three ways in which parents socialize prosocial behavior in their children:
(1) by modeling and teaching prosocial behavior;
(2) by arranging opportunities for their children to engage in prosocial behavior; and
(3) by disciplining their children and eliciting prosocial behavior from them.
Parents also communicate and reinforce cultural beliefs about the value of prosocial behavior
PBIS is a schoolwide intervention program that aims to change the overall school climate and thereby reduce negative behaviors and increase positive behaviors among staff and students (Sugai & Horner, 2006).
Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violate social norms or rules and that harm or take advantage of others—from highly publicized cases like the recent shootings to everyday incidents of bullying and aggression.
In the United States in 2010, juveniles younger than 18 were involved in 8% of murder arrests, 12% of aggravated assault arrests, 23% of burglary arrests, 24% of robbery arrests, 14% of rapes, 14% of all violent crimes, and 22% of all property crimes (Sickmund & Puzzanchera, 2014).
Instrumental Aggression
AGGRESSION