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German Timeline

Migration of Germanic Peoples, due to collapse of western Roman Empire. Frankish tribes settle Gaul (France);

Lombards settle northern Italy, Anglo-Saxons settle

Britain.

A.D. 100-600

A.D. 100-600

Merovingian Dynasty (ca. 500-751'

Merovingian Dynasty (ca. 500-751'

Merovingian kings rule Frankish tribes. Clovis,

Frankish king (486-511), rules over Gaul's mixed

Germanic-Roman people. Pepin the Younger founds Merovingian Dynasty in 752.

Frankish and Saxon nobles elect Henry l German King. Otto I (Otto the Great) , German king (936-73), gains

control of Middle Kingdom, and Holy Roman

Empire of the German Nadon begins with his

coronation as emperor in 962. German empire

extends to Elbe River and southeast to Vienna.

Saxon Dynasty (919-1024)

Saxon Dynasty (919-1024

Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars (1517-1648)

Martin Luther's ninety-five theses in Wittenberg

in 1517 challenges papal authority.Luther banned by church and empire in 1521. Catholicism and Lutheranism formally recognized in Germany, and each prince given right to decide religion to be practiced in his territory. Thirty Years' War (1618-48) ; Treaty of Prague signed in 1635; continuation of war by France; Treaty of Westphalia, 1648. End of Holy Roman Empire as a major European power.

PROTESTANT REFORMATION AND

RELIGIOUS WARS (1517-1648)

Age of Englightened Absolutism and French Insavsion (1648-1815)

Frederick William I,

Prussian king (1713-40), creates Prussian civil and military bureaucracy. Frederick II (Frederick the Great), Prussian king (1740-86), reforms his country as enlightened despot. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) and Seven Years' War( 1756-63) against Austria under Maria Theresa (1740-80) expand Prussian territory.

Age of Englightened and French Invasion (1648-1815)

REVOLUTION, AND

GERMAN UNIFICATION (1815-71)

Congress of Vienna (1814—15) after Napoleon's

defeat in War of Liberation (1813-15) establishes

German Confederation of thirty-seven states. "July Revolution" in France, 1830, sparks revolutionary movements in Germany, National Assembly dissolved. German Confederation restored in 1851. Prussia agrees to relinquish plans for a German union under its leadership in Treaty of Olmutz. Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, chancellor (1862-90), unites Germany. Austria-Hungary created in 1867. North German Confederation formed, headed by Prussia. Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71. Germany united as nation-state—German Empire.

REVOLUTION, AND

GERMAN UNIFICATION (1815-

71)

Imperial Germany (1871-1918)

IMPERIAL GERMANY (187 1-1 918)

Kulturkampf against Roman Catholic Church begins in 1873. Antisocialist legislation enacted 1878. Dual Alliance (1879) between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Domestic alliance between aristocrats and industrialists in Tariff Agreement of 1879. Comprehensive social legislation program begins in 1881. Germany intervenes in French and British sphere of influence.

WEIMAR REPUBLIC (1918-33)

Social Democrats proclaim republic. Suppression of left-wing revolt by army in January 1919. Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Hitler's National Socialists win Reichstag elections and emerge as Germany's strongest political party, July 1932. Kurt von Schleicher, chancellor President Hindenburg appoints Hitler to

chancellorship, January 30, 1933.

WEIMAR REPUBLIC (1918-33)

Third Reich (1933-45)

Hitler demands presidential emergency

decree, February 1933. Enabling Act

accords Hitler's cabinet dictatorial powers, March 1933. Germany declared one-party National Socialist state, July 1933. Poland invaded, September 1939. World War II (1939-45). Germany defeated.

THIRD REICH (1933-45)

United Germany (1990-)

UNITED GERMANY (1990- )

Economic and currency union established between West Germany and East Germany, July 1, 1990. Last Russian troops leave Germany, August 1994. Second all-German Bundestag election held; Christian Democratic

victory, October 1994. The German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as five additional Länder, and the two parts of divided Berlin became one Land.

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