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Migration of Germanic Peoples, due to collapse of western Roman Empire. Frankish tribes settle Gaul (France);
Lombards settle northern Italy, Anglo-Saxons settle
Britain.
Merovingian kings rule Frankish tribes. Clovis,
Frankish king (486-511), rules over Gaul's mixed
Germanic-Roman people. Pepin the Younger founds Merovingian Dynasty in 752.
Frankish and Saxon nobles elect Henry l German King. Otto I (Otto the Great) , German king (936-73), gains
control of Middle Kingdom, and Holy Roman
Empire of the German Nadon begins with his
coronation as emperor in 962. German empire
extends to Elbe River and southeast to Vienna.
Martin Luther's ninety-five theses in Wittenberg
in 1517 challenges papal authority.Luther banned by church and empire in 1521. Catholicism and Lutheranism formally recognized in Germany, and each prince given right to decide religion to be practiced in his territory. Thirty Years' War (1618-48) ; Treaty of Prague signed in 1635; continuation of war by France; Treaty of Westphalia, 1648. End of Holy Roman Empire as a major European power.
PROTESTANT REFORMATION AND
RELIGIOUS WARS (1517-1648)
Frederick William I,
Prussian king (1713-40), creates Prussian civil and military bureaucracy. Frederick II (Frederick the Great), Prussian king (1740-86), reforms his country as enlightened despot. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) and Seven Years' War( 1756-63) against Austria under Maria Theresa (1740-80) expand Prussian territory.
Kulturkampf against Roman Catholic Church begins in 1873. Antisocialist legislation enacted 1878. Dual Alliance (1879) between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Domestic alliance between aristocrats and industrialists in Tariff Agreement of 1879. Comprehensive social legislation program begins in 1881. Germany intervenes in French and British sphere of influence.
Social Democrats proclaim republic. Suppression of left-wing revolt by army in January 1919. Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Hitler's National Socialists win Reichstag elections and emerge as Germany's strongest political party, July 1932. Kurt von Schleicher, chancellor President Hindenburg appoints Hitler to
chancellorship, January 30, 1933.
Hitler demands presidential emergency
decree, February 1933. Enabling Act
accords Hitler's cabinet dictatorial powers, March 1933. Germany declared one-party National Socialist state, July 1933. Poland invaded, September 1939. World War II (1939-45). Germany defeated.
Economic and currency union established between West Germany and East Germany, July 1, 1990. Last Russian troops leave Germany, August 1994. Second all-German Bundestag election held; Christian Democratic
victory, October 1994. The German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as five additional Länder, and the two parts of divided Berlin became one Land.