BV

Definition

"Plant biotechnology is a set of techniques used to adapt plants for specific needs or opportunities."

-National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA

Definition

"Plant biotechnology is a tool to help address the challenge of producing more food, and more nutritious food, more effectively than was previously possible."

-Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003

"Plant biotechnology can be defined as the introduction of desirable traits into plants through genetic modification."

-Nature website (https://www.nature.com/subjects/plant-biotechnology)

Green

Revolution

Green Revolution

"The origin of agriculture led to the domestication of many plant species and to the exploitation of natural resources. It took almost 10,000 years for food grain production to reach 1 billion tons, in 1960, and only 40 years to reach 2 billion tons, in 2000. This unprecedented increase, which has been named the 'green revolution', resulted from the creation of genetically improved crop varieties, combined with the application of improved agronomic practices."

-'Green revolution: the way forward', Nat Rev Genet 2, 815–822 (2001), Khush, G,

Herbicides

"Biotechnology can be used to enhance the management weeds in several ways. Crops have been made resistant to herbicides by inserting transgenes that impart herbicide resistance into the plant genome."

-'Biotechnology in Weed Control',Stephen O. Duke Brian E. Scheffler C. Douglas Boyette Franck E. Dayan, 15 June 2015

Herbicides

"Currently, the most widely adopted genetically modified traits are resistance to herbicides and insects in crops with large markets [...]"

-'Genetic strategies for improving crop yields', Nature 575, 109–118 (2019), -Bailey-Serres, J., Parker, J.E., Ainsworth, E.A. et al.

Resistance to herbicide and susceptibility to herbivores: environmental

variation in the magnitude of an ecological trade-off

Aaron J. Gassmann, 16 June 2005

Considered whether resistance to the herbicide triazine in Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) imposed the trade-off of increasing susceptibility to herbivorous insects.

Triazine C3H3N3

Plant biotechnology: ecological case studies on herbicide resistance

Heinrich Sandermann, July 2006

In the USA the herbicide glyphosate was used a lot and because of it some plants got naturally genetically modified while others didn't resist the compound.

The scientists simulated the process and developed genetically modified plants, the Round-up Ready crops, which were herbicide-resistant.

It was then discussed the potential ecotoxicity of glyphosate, a possible new herbicide less environmental harmful and the possibility to bring the Round-up ready crops to Europe.

Glyphosate (C3H8NO5P) – an aminoacid

Evolved polygenic herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum by low-dose herbicide selection within standing genetic variation

Roberto Busi, Paul Neve and Stephen Powles, 2012 Jul 12

In this study, the genetic basis of herbicide resistance was investigated in the highly characterized initially susceptible herbicide population Lolium rigidum, which was regularly selected at low doses of diclofop methyl herbicide.

Diclofop-methyl C16H14Cl2O4

Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Turfgrasses

By In-Ja Song, Tae-Woong Bae, Markkandan Ganesan, Jeong-Il Kim, Hyo-Yeon Lee and Pill-Soon Song, June 12th 2013

The article shows how the herbicide resistant turfgrasses can be made and the importance of them in a commercial and environmental way.

Bialaphos C11H22N3O6P

Confirmation of 2,4-D resistance and identification of multiple resistance in a Kansas Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) population

Vipan Kumar, Rui Liu, Grant Boyer and Phillip W Stahlman, 2019 April 05

The study was conducted to confirm the 2,4-D and other herbicides resistance from a Kansas Palmer amaranth, confirming the first global case of an A.palmeri population with resistance to multiple herbicides, most importantly 2,4-D.

2,4-D (most important), glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, atrazine, mesotrione, fomesafen

The world of herbicides

The world of herbicides

Copyright © 1993-2012 WeedScience.org

Cellular targets

Cellular targets

Most used herbicides in the world

Glyphosate is an herbicide that was introduced by Monsanto under the trade name 'Roundup', in 1974, and is one of the most widely used herbicide.

Most used in the world

Atrazine it is used to prevent pre and postemergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize and sugarcane and on turf (in golf courses and residential lawns).

2,4-D is more than 60 years old and still controls most major weed problems in corn. It is also used in soybeans as an early preplant application.

Disadvantages of Herbicides

Portugal & Poland

Bibliography

Bibliography

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323727351_Glyphosate_the_Most_Widely_Used_Herbicide_Health_and_safety_issues_Why_scientists_differ_in_their_evaluation_of_its_adverse_health_effects
• http://allplantprotection.blogspot.com/2012/04/top-10-classic-herbicides-used-in-usa.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi634yRif7lAhUk-YUKHT0cDUwQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentalscience.bayer.es%2Fturf-management%2Fproductos%2Fpistol-flex&psig=AOvVaw1PXmSHdc6QGlA8TjAs_JeI&ust=1574520754204455&fbclid=IwAR0CVm8j6pcYOl0lhnYB4Nru8KBkdHd0RVa4yrXCn08-iKyktIB7USEl54k
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• https://www.dn.pt/vida-e-futuro/glifosato-herbicida-mais-vendido-em-portugal-aumenta-risco-de-linfoma-em-41-diz-novo-estudo-10593396.html?fbclid=IwAR2zWTs7CXUGHLoJJVyAv4iK-vXzb59VO2fibTOgel48-vtSsP7Z60ZDHkA
• https://www.dn.pt/vida-e-futuro/bayer-condenada-a-pagar-17-mil-milhoes-de-euros-por-danos-causados-pelo-glifosato-10894598.html?fbclid=IwAR1cjItcmgbhxIN5YwheaVA4eocQe9UVKtxlZfneR9zhPVlEkpagKhI1Www
• https://www.dn.pt/vida-e-futuro/bayer-ja-enfrenta-mais-de-40-mil-processos-judiciais-nos-eua-contra-o-glifosato-11460908.html?fbclid=IwAR1Z4ZX26zim2pyZJrwOeztrXsOrlDWy8Pni3DNSsXVfZ5wtFbt_Tu-wliA
• https://www.publico.pt/2019/02/25/sociedade/noticia/contaminacao-glifosato-generalizada-populacao-portuguesa-1863268?fbclid=IwAR11rQSY6-Tu41HVL3QOrx2k3R3V37T7muElZrfsnrNaBtzS1O6FivLmoTQ
• https://www.tsf.pt/sociedade/ambiente/plataforma-apela-ao-governo-para-que-proiba-venda-de-herbicidas-com-glifosato--10615689.html?fbclid=IwAR0CVm8j6pcYOl0lhnYB4Nru8KBkdHd0RVa4yrXCn08-iKyktIB7USEl54k
• http://www.weedscience.org/Summary/SOADescription.aspx?fbclid=IwAR3ecJZ7V_Y5B89UwDeVMwLHUVGXrrKaYhMm-_06YGkhChV3iMpbW_CSAxU
• http://www.weedscience.org/Summary/HRACPoster.aspx?fbclid=IwAR0MEHblNfjqV9ER9XesbXak62uUgNgdYCdNRjb7nVWYTBO3hdyO4C5Dc8k
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689349/pdf/eva0006-0231.pdf
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138506001294?fbclid=IwAR2-FMcSd1mzs9ytYWPYcEJFHNvRGQXh6YyrU-4ujaXUPga_aYWlYMZhBdI
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30843341
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use/transgenic-herbicide-resistant-turfgrasses
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7783110_Resistance_to_herbicide_and_susceptibility_to_herbivores_Environmental_variation_in_the_magnitude_of_an_ecological_trade-off

Thank you for the attention

Doubts?

The end

Work made by:

• Ana Maria Capela, 88501
• Alicja Braska, 96881
• Daniel Mota, 88440
• Francisco Pereira, 88298
• João Loureiro, 85026
• Marta Bardowska, 96940

Plant Biotechnology, 2019/20