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(1946-present) Former President of the United States
Manuel Castells
"In his 2006 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush declared, “Keeping America competitive requires us to open more markets for all that Americans make and grow. One out of every five factory jobs in America is related to global trade … we need to encourage children to take more math and science, and to make sure those courses are rigorous enough to compete with other nations.”
(1942-present) Sociologist
2002
In his 1996 The Rise of the Network Society, "information or knowledge, he claims, is now a product that increases productivity."
1969
"The most important federal legislation affecting schools in the twenty-first century. The opening line to the official U.S. Department of Education’s A Guide to Education and No Child Left Behind declares, “Satisfying the demand for highly skilled workers is the key to maintaining competitiveness and prosperity in the global economy.”
"Head Start programs are premised on the idea that some children from low-income families begin school at a disadvantage compared to children from middle- and high- income families. Head Start programs provide early childhood education to give poor children a head start on schooling, allowing them to compete on equal terms with other children. Job-training programs are designed to end teenage and adult unemployment. Compensatory education in fields such as reading is designed to ensure the success of low-income students."
Soft Skills
Current
"A recent argument for expanding preschool is that it can teach the “soft” skills needed by global employers. Human capital theorists make a distinction between soft and hard skills needed for work. Hard skills refer to such things as literacy instruction and numeracy along with specific job skills, and soft skills refer to character traits that will help the worker succeed in the workplace."
(1929-present) Economist
"Criticizes the very foundation of human capital arguments... argues that economic growth provides the financial resources to fund educational expansion and offer youth an entertaining interlude in life. Hacker notes that much of the original funding of higher education came from innovative industrialists who were not college graduates."
1919-2011
"In 1973 coined the term “post-industrial” and predicted that there would be a shift from blue-collar to white-collar labor requiring a major increase in educated workers."
(1902-1998) Economist
"In 1961, Theodore Schultz pointed out that “economists have long known that people are an important part of the wealth of nations.” Schultz argued that people invested in themselves through education to improve their job opportunities. In a similar fashion, nations could invest in schools as a stimulus for economic growth."
(1796-1859) "The Father of American Schools"
1960's
(1946-present) Former Labor Secretary
Developed the human capital theory, which "contends that investment in education will improve the quality of workers and, consequently, increase the wealth of the community. Mann... used human capital theory to justify community support of schools. For instance, why should an adult with no children be forced to pay for the schooling of other people’s children? Mann’s answer was that public schooling increased the wealth of the community and that, therefore, even people without children economically benefited from schools. Mann also believed schooling would eliminate poverty by raising the wealth of the community and preparing everyone to be economically successful."
1991 wrote in The Work of Nations “Herein lies the new logic of economic capitalism: The skills of a nation’s workforce and the quality of its infrastructure are what make it unique, and uniquely attractive, in the world economy.” Reich draws a direct relationship between the type of education provided by schools and the placement of the worker in the labor market. He believes many workers will be trapped in low-paying jobs unless their employment skills are improved. Reich argues, “There should not be a barrier between education and work. We’re talking about a new economy in which lifelong learning is a necessity for every single member of the American workforce.”
The War on Poverty was based on the idea that "poor-quality education is one element in a series of social factors that tend to reinforce other social conditions... an inadequate education is linked to low-income jobs, low-quality housing, poor diet, poor medical care, health problems, and high rates of absenteeism from school and work." It' operated on the idea that "eliminating poverty by improving any of the interrelated points. For instance, the improvement of health conditions will mean fewer days lost from school and employment, which will mean more income. Higher wages will mean improved housing, medical care, diet, and education. These improved conditions will mean better jobs for those of the next generation."
(1946-present) Former President of the United States
Work Cited:
"In the 1990s, President Bill Clinton used the rhetoric of human capital and the knowledge economy. When Clinton ran for the presidency in 1992... declared: “A competitive American economy requires the global market’s best educated, best trained, most flexible work force.” Education and the global economy continued as a theme in President Clinton’s 1996 reelection."
Berliner & Biddle
(1930-2014) Economist
Spring, J. (2020) American Education (Twentieth Ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
1995
Nation At Risk
Seeking to discredit "Nation at Risk" report, "claimed it was based on false data and assumptions... in The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud and the Attack on America’s Public Schools."
1983
"In his 1964 book Human Capital, Becker asserts that economic growth depends on the knowledge, information, ideas, skills, and health of the workforce. Investments in education, he argued, could improve human capital, which would contribute to economic growth. Later, he used the phrase knowledge economy: “An economy like that of the United States is called a capitalist economy, but the more accurate term is human capital or knowledge capital economy.” Becker claimed that human capital represented three-fourths of the wealth of the United States and that investment in education would be the key to further economic growth."
"The federal government’s report... blamed the allegedly poor academic quality of American public schools for causing lower rates of economic productivity than those of Japan and West Germany. In addition, it blamed schools for reducing the lead of the United States in technological development. The report states, “If only to keep and improve on the slim competitive edge we still retain in world markets, we must rededicate ourselves to the reform of the educational system for the benefit of all.”