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HOW

WHY

WHEn

Participatory Development Strengths and Limitations

Hikmat Al Khansa

Overview of Participation and Participatory Techniques

- Definition

- Classification

- Evolution

Strengths and Importance of Participation

Limitations to Participation

Limitations to Participation

Study Cases from Lebanon and Other Countries

- Success stories

-Failures

- Suggestions for Improvement

Recommendations

Recommendations

Particpation and Participatory Techniques

WHAT

add

subtopics

Chambers (1994) defines PRA as “a family of approaches and methods to enable local (rural or urban) people to express, enhance, share and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act."

The World Bank (1994, p. 1) defines participation as “…a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources which affect them.”

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (1994:18) defines participation as “empowering people to mobilize their own capacities, be social actors, rather than passive subjects, manage the resources, make decisions, and control the activities that affect their lives.”

A ladder of citizen Participation by Arnstein

The ultimate goal is to ensure that citizens have the power ...

The ultimate goal is to ensure that citizens have the power to determine and influence development outcomes.

Strength and Importance

IQ

Consideration should be given to poor people to participate in projects and programmes that affect their lives.

Involving poor people in some aspects of those projects and programmes would lead to better results through the

connection between development aid and its intended beneficiaries (Mansuri and Rao, 2012).

The locals are expected to make an input in development interventions (Perez, 1999) that affect their lives.

They are creative beings that are capable of conducting their own

analysis and planning (Chambers, 1994b).

Consideration should be given to poor people to participate ...

The World Bank has allocated about $80 billion towards participatory development projects over the last decade (Mansuri and Rao, 2012:2)

Sherry Arnstein equates participatory with the concept of power, participation can enhance empowerment of the locals and can provide local people with the opportunity to think and develop solutions for themselves.

Participation can also allow the incorporation of local knowledge, skills and resources in the design of interventions, it can ensure project/programme responsiveness to people’s needs, it can enhance the goal of sustainability and assist breaking the mentality of dependency.

The World Bank has allocated about $80 billion towar...

Limitations

Participation does not lead to locals’ empowerment because participatory methodologies fail to change and challenge the bureaucratic, centralized and administrative structures that control decision-making and resource allocation.

Also, through participation, what could be considered to be local knowledge might just be a construction of the planning context that cover a complex micropolitics of knowledge production and use in local communities.

Participation does not lead to locals’ empowerme...

Domination also limits participation since participatory activities take place in groups.

Particiaptory techniques conceal traditional local relationships of power and fail to deal with situations where local culture hinders participation by being

oppressive to certain people.

Participation is affected by spatial, temporal, political, social and cultural contexts.

Domination also limits participation since participato...

Study Cases and Success Stories/Failures

IDEAS

Farmer Field Schools (FFS) are based on an innovative, participatory and interactive learning approach in which farmers are empowered to direct the learning process.

Groups of 25-35 farmers meet regularly to consult and make decisions on project implementation, with the support of facilitators.

Within the project funded by Departmnet of International Development (DFID), FAO provided materials to build chicken coops following national biosecurity and biosafety regulations, prior to the arrival of the hens.

25 poultry Farmer Field Schools, were established, 40 000 laying hens and a four month supply of feed were distributed to 1500 beneficiaries.

Part of the egg production will help the beneficiaries to cover the dietary needs of their families and the other part will be sold to increase their income and cover the running expenses of the chicken coop, including for the purchase of extra feed.

Farmer Field Schools (FFS) are based on an innovati...

Recommendations

Mansuri and Rao (2012)

There is need for project design and implementation to be informed

by carefully done political and social analyses.

By so doing, an examination of the practices and social relationships that determine local knowledge production can be made.

This will ensure that participatory development agencies understand specific contextual conditions that can influence participation of the voiceless and the marginalised in communities.

Call for significant changes in structures and incentives within development agencies to promote participation and the

willingness to learn among personnel

Mansuri and Rao (2012)

There is need for project design and implementation to be informed

by carefully done political and social analyses.

By so doing, an examination of the practices and social relationships that determine local knowledge production can be made.

This will ensure that participatory development agencies understand specific contextual conditions that can influence participation of the voiceless and the marginalised in communities.

Call for significant changes in structures and incentives within development agencies to promote participation and the

willingness to learn among personnel

Cornwall (2008)

It is important to situate efforts whose aim is to engage communities in context if they are to be successful.

This is because contexts in which different development

organizations and agencies operate are complex and diverse such that a homogeneous approach can fail to work in heterogeneous contexts

characterized by different cultural, social and political systems.

Cornwall (2008)

It is important ...

There is need to examine the effects of participation ...

There is need to examine the effects of participation on

networks of power in order to take into account differences in power and interest, so that participatory methods avoid the risk of strengthening power of the already dominant groups or serving only their interests.

Arnstein (1969):

The locals must be given power or control to govern a project or programme and they must be in positions to negotiate conditions and be in charge of managerial aspects of development interventions.

"Such happiness as life is capable of comes from the full participation of all our powers in the endeavor to wrest from each changing situations of experience its own full and unique meaning."

- John Dewey

Thank you!

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