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PEM Presentation
Polioemcephalomacia (PEM)
Calista Heley
Last Update: 04/21/2018
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
PEM affects the CNS and causes fluid build-up in the brain. The background from Kansas State is of a calf's brain that was effected by PEM.
C
CCET
CCET
E
T
CAUSE 1
Tyamine deficiency
Too much thiaminases produced in the rumen (breaks down thiamine)
CAUSE 1
If the rumen increases in consuming plants that contains thiaminases (horsetail, some ferns, ect.)
CAUSE 2
Too much sulfur is consumed
Can be from water, feed and/or forages
CAUSE 2
Some common plants to watch out for are canada thistle, alfalfa, laibsquater, ect.
EFFECTS
Camelids, deer, cattle, sheep, and goats
EFFECT
Does not vary by age. Is not transferable between animals of same or different species.
PEM is not zootonic
TREATMENTS
If in the early stage, decrease sulfur availability, and drench with thiamine and feed good quality hay.
TREATMENT
If caused by inactive rumen microbes, oral supplements are needed until rumen is functioning as normal.
Injections of thiamine are neccessary in late stage. If animal has had too much brain damage the animal is culled.
SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS
STAR GAZING
STAR GAZING
EFFECTED ANIMALS TEND TO REAR THEIR HEAD BACK AND 'STAR GAZE'.
THEY ALSO CAN HEAD BUTT POSTS, WALLS, ECT. MAY SEEM OFF IN ACTIONS
**SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE ASWELL
BLINDNESS STAGGERING
BLINDNESS/STAGGERING
ANIMALS GO BLIND
THEIR GAIT CHANGES FROM LACK OF MUSCLE COORDINATION.
CONVULSIONS SALAVATION
CONVULSIONS/ SALIVATION
IF PEM HAS PROGRESSED ENOUGH, THE ANIMAL WILL HAVE SUIZURE LIKE ACTIONS
START TO FOAM AT THE MOUTH FROM OVER SALIVATION.
OTHER
OTHER
~ ISOLATION
~ DEPRESSION
~ LACK OF APPITITE
~ DIAREHHA
~ FEVER
~ RECUMBANCY
~ DEATH
TIMELINE
TIMELINE
It is good to note that depending on severity, the animal's timeline could be half of this
DAY 1
DAY 1
THE FIRST THINGS THAT WOULD BE NOTICED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
~ ISOLATION
~ STOP EATING
~ FACIAL/EAR TWITCHING
~ STAR GAZE
DAY 2
DAY 2
~ STAR GAZE
~ BLINDNESS
~ MUSCLE TWITCH
~ DIAREHHA
~ SOME SALIVATION
DAY 3-4
DAY 3-4
~ SEVERE SALIVATION
~ HEAD PRESSING
~ TEETH GRINDING
~ SEIZURES
~ DEATH
CITATIONS
CITATIONS
IMAGES
IMAGES
Clark, Gary, and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. “Polioencephalomalacia in Sheep.” Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga, 14 Nov. 2012, teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/17440/polioencephalomalacia-in-sheep.
“Polioencephalomalacia (PEM).” Capacity Building Grant, cahsspvd.pvamu.edu/animal-health-issues/polioencephalomalacia/.
Maryland Small Ruminant Page, www.sheepandgoat.com/summer2016?lightbox=image_j2s.
“Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) Vit B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency.” South African Mohair Growers' Association (SAMGA), www.angoras.co.za/article/polioencephalomalacia-pem.
frecko.id.au. “CASE NOTES.” Polioencephalomalacia, www.flockandherd.net.au/cattle/reader/rape-blindness.html.
“Chapter 13. Common Bovine Diseases.” PDF, petsdocbox.com/Veterinary_Medicine/71029946-Chapter-13-common-bovine-diseases.html.
INFO
INFO
“Overview of Polioencephalomalacia - Nervous System.” Merck Veterinary Manual, www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/polioencephalomalacia/overview-of-polioencephalomalacia.
Polioencephalomalacia, ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2002/neurological/polio.htm.
“Thiamine Deficiency Induced Polioencephomalacia (PEM) of Sheep and Cattle.” Agriculture and Food, www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/thiamine-deficiency-induced-polioencephomalacia-pem-sheep-and-cattle.
“F643 Polioencephalomalacia (PEM).” Polioencephalomalacia, infovets.com/books/smrm/F/F643.htm.