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Elements can be named after many different things. Some of the elements we've known about for a long time, like Oxygen and Nitrogen, were named when scientists didn't know a lot about elements or atoms in general. These names often come from Latin or Greek words that were related to the element in some way.
Some elements are named after where they were first found, like Califorinium. Others were named after the famous scientists, like Einsteinium. Albert Einstein actually had nothing to do with discovering his own element!
This number is the most important number for an element. It tells us how many protons are inside the nucleus of an element. The protons give the nucleus an overall positive charge, which attracts the electrons. A neutral atom will have the same number of electrons as protons, but atoms often have missing or extra electrons in nature depending on the element.
The atomic number is how we identify one element from another and an important part of how we organize the elements on the periodic table. We have seen elements with every atomic number between 1 and 118, although some of the bigger ones were made in a lab and not found in nature.
You should already know what these are and why we use them!
Sometimes, the symbols don't seem to match up with the element name, like Lead and its abbreviation Pb. This is because the symbol and name come from different places. A lot of the funky symbols come from Latin or Greek words. Another example is Iron and its symbol Fe. In Latin iron is caller ferrum, and the abbreviation Fe makes a lot more sense for that name.
Atomic mass tells us the average mass of a single atom of an element. Almost all of the mass comes from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and very little of it comes from the electrons.
Atomic mass normally increases as the atomic number increases. Smaller elements normally have similar numbers of protons and neutrons. Bigger elements typically have many more neutrons than protons.