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Muhammad is born in ~582 AD.
When Muhammad was 40 years old, he meditated in a cave and the Angel Gabriel spoke to him.
The Hijah
In 622 AD, Muhammad leaves Mecca for Yathrib because his followers were attacked.
In 630 AD, Muhammad and 10,000 followers returned to Mecca. Meccan leaders surrender and idols in the Ka'aba were removed.
Muhammad died in 632 AD after unifying much of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam.
Abu Bakr was the first Caliph and faced rebellion, people leaving, refusal to pay taxes, and other self-declared prophets. He later died in 684.
The other three "Rightly Guided" Caliphs were Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Unlike Umar, Uthman and Ali were killed.
Some time after 661 AD, the Umayyads moved the capital to Damascus and created an expensive lifestyle.
Before 750 AD, the Sunni and Shi'a sects had an agrument over Muhammad's beliefs.
"the party of Ali"
The Shi'a believed that only a decendent of Muhammad could become a Caliph.
They supported Umayyads. They were followers of Muhammad's example.
A third sect that rejected the Umayyad's expensive lifestyle and deticated themselves to poverty and devoted themselves to a spirtual path.
In 750 AD, the Abbasids took control over the empire. They moved the capitol to Baghdad and set up a bureaucracy. The Abbasid Caliphate lasted from 750-1258 AD.