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6 lead selector circuit for an ECG
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6 lead selector for an
ECG
Content
Content
- What is an ECG?
- What is a lead?
- What is a multiplexer?
- 6 lead circuit
- Conclusion
What is:
Introduction
- ECG
- Leads
- Multiplexers
ECG 1
What is an ECG?
ECG
An ECG, or electrocardiogram, is a medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. It is a commonly used diagnostic tool to assess the heart's rhythm and electrical conduction.I
t's is a valuable tool in diagnosing and monitoring heart-related issues, providing important information about the heart's health and function.
During an ECG, electrodes are attached to the skin on the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical impulses generated by the heart as it beats. The electrical signals are then amplified and recorded on paper or displayed on a monitor.
ECG 2
The resulting graph, known as an electrocardiogram, displays the heart's electrical activity in the form of waves. Each wave corresponds to a specific event in the cardiac cycle, and healthcare professionals use these patterns to identify various heart conditions, such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and other cardiac abnormalities.
What is a lead?
Leads
A lead is a vector quantity, which means it has a magnitude and a direction
A pair of electrodes, or combination of several electrodes through a resistive network that gives an equivalent pair, is referred to as a lead.
Bipolar Leads:
Bipolar leads
These leads measure the voltage between two points. Leads I, II, and III are examples of bipolar leads.
- Lead I: Measures the voltage between the right arm (RA) and left arm (LA).
- Lead II: Measures the voltage between the left leg (LL) and right arm (RA).
- Lead III: Measures the voltage between the left leg (LL) and left arm (LA).
Leads measurement
Leads measurement
To measure the leads we use einthoven’s triangle
- Because the scalar signal on each lead of Einthoven’s triangle can be representedas a voltage source, we can write Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the three leads:
|| - ||| - | =0
|| =||| + |
Unipolar leads
Unipolar leads
Unipolar leads, consist of the potential appearing on one electrode taken with respect to an equivalent reference electrode, which is the average of the signals seen at two or more electrodes.
Unipolar leads are usually placed:
- On the limbs “augmented leads”
- On the chest
Augmented leads
Augmented leads
- In augmented leads, the connection between the limb being measured and Wilson’s central terminal is removed which increases the amplitude by 50%.
- Wilson’s central terminal is the average of the voltages at each electrode.
What is Multiplexers ?
Multiplexers
- A multiplexer, often abbreviated as "MUX," is a digital electronic device that performs the function of selecting one of several input signals and directing it to a single output. In other words, it is a data selector.
- The idea is to consolidate multiple input data streams into a single output stream.
A multiplexer typically has:
Multiplexer content
- Data Inputs: These are the multiple input channels that carry the different data streams.
- Control lines: These inputs determine which data input is selected for transmission to the output. The number of select inputs determines the total number of input channels a multiplexer can handle.
- Output: This is where the selected input is directed.
Building the circuit
Circuit
6 lead selector circuit
Lead 1 = VLA-VRA
Our Design
Lead 1 = VLA-VRA
Lead 1
Lead 2 = VLL-VRA
Lead 2
Lead 3 = VLL-VLA
Lead 3
Agumented Lead
Agumented
Lead
aVR = VRA-VW’
aVR
aVL = VLA-VW’’
aVL
aVF = VLL-VW’’’
aVF
Conclusion
Coclusion
In the completion of our project on the design and simulation of a 6-Lead ECG Circuit, we have made an effort to redefine the landscape of cardiac monitoring. By adopting a 6-lead configuration, we aimed to enhance diagnostic precision and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity. This technological innovation exceeds academic exploration, promising real-world impact on patient care. Our work signifies a step towards a future where proactive and personalized cardiac diagnostics become the norm, reshaping the paradigm of healthcare for improved patient outcomes.
This Project have been done by:
Sondos Qusai - 202011100
Thank you
Ghizlan Khalid - 202010781
The End
Malak Qudari - 202020137
Moza Salim - 202010990
Nawaal Attaullah- 201910014