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Brain Anatomy
8
BRAIN
ANATOMY
- The physical manifestation of mind -BRAIN
- One of the largest organs in the body
- Most complex organ in the human body
Introduction
Your skull is the shell,
and brain is the walnut inside
- Brain tissue is composed of white and gray matter.
- White matter (inner layer) consists of the
myelinated axons of neurons.
- Gray matter (outer layer)
consists of nerve cell bodies
and dendrites, contains the
synapses (area of neuronal
connection). It forms the
working area of the brain.
White & Gray Matter
- Grooves and dips of corrugated
wrinkles in the outermost brain
tissue
- Provide anatomical landmarks or reference points
- Named by size and depth
- Sulci: Small shallow grooves
- Fissures: Deeper groves extending into the brain
- Gyri are the raised tissue areas
Structure
The brain is subdivided into the cerebrum and the brainstem
Anatomical Division
- Cerebrum
(Largest part of the brain) ,
Divided into two halves
- Right and Left cerebral
hemispheres
- Both hemispheres connected by a large bundle of white matter
- Corpus Callosum
An area of sensorimotor information
exchange between the two hemispheres
Cerebrum
The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and vice versa
Lobes
- Each
Hemisphere
- four major lobes
- Work together in an integrated manner
- Each lobe
- a distinct function
- Primary visual cortex
- Integration area: Vision, other sensory information
Visual field defects,
Blindness,
Visual hallucinations
Occipital
Eye-cipital lobe “ocular” occipital
Optometrist/ophthalmologist
Occipital sounds like “optical”
- Most developed, largest lobe.
- Motor function: voluntary motor activity
- Premotor area: Coordinates movement
- Association cortex: Memory, decision-making
- Language (Broca’s area): Expressive speech
- Personality variables: The most focal area for personality development
- Personality changes, emotional, intellectual changes
Frontal
Personality is a “front” “Future” lobe
Prefrontal lobotomies
Frontal filter (for emotions)
- Primary sensory area
- Taste
- Reading and writing
Sensory– perceptual disturbances, agnosi
Parietal
Presents-parietal (receiving info)
Parietal-pain-pressure-position
Temporal
- Language (Wernicke’s area): Receptive speech or language
comprehension
- Primary auditory area
- Memory
- Emotion
- Integration of vision with sensory information
Auditory/visual
hallucinations, aphasia, amnesia
Tempo (music/rhythm)
Temple (temples on side of head)
Anatomical
division
- Wrinkled surface of the brain
- Controls ;
Contralateral (opposite) side
Speech,
Cognition,
Judgment,
Perception,
Motor function
Sensory information is Relayed from the
thalamus Processed and Integrated in the cortex
Cerebral
Cortex
Crinkled Cap
Cor-Texas (large surface area)
Core-tex (core of higher function
Limbic system
- Critical in regulation/adjustment in emotions and memory
Limbic
System
L – linked to
E – Emotions
M – Memory
• LEM says Am tha Hyp Hippo but I have my flaws
o Am FEAR Smells, Than SCREAM,
HEY WHAT HEC, ME from Hi now feel So Lo
Hypothalamus
-Master Switchboard
- Appetite
- Hunger, Thirst
- Water balance
- Circadian rhythms
- Body temperature,
- Libido
- Hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
Hungry “hypos”
Hypo-thermometer, hypothermia Hyper-hypothalamus
Hypo -typo (regulation/maintenance) Hypothala “must”
Hypothalamus Homoeostasis M=maintenance
Thalamus
- Sensory relay station except for smell
- Modulates flow of
sensory information
- Regulates emotions, memory
Thalamus
Thal-mail (like a post office)
T-top of brainstem,
S-switchboard
Amygdala
Amygdala
- Mood
- Fear
- Emotion
- Aggression
- Connecting sensory smell information with emotion
Amygdala monster
“Angry Amy”or Aggressive AmyEmo-gdala
Hippocampus
- Memory
- Converts short-term memory into long-term memory
Hippocampus
Hippo at camp
(can’t forget that!)
Camping –make memories “One time at hippo camp”
Hippos never forget (similar to elephants)
Basal Ganglia /
Corpus Striatum
Basal
Ganglia
- A complex feedback system
- somatic motor activity (information conveyed from the CNS to skeletal muscles)
- Movement initiation; complex motor functions, coordination
- Learning
- Involuntary motor activities (e.g., muscle tone, posture,
common reflexes)
- Contains the caudate and the putamen
- Bradykinesia, hyperkinesias, dystonia
-base of the building controls shaky movements and establishes its posture
Brainstem
Midbrain
- Houses the areas of Dopamine Synthesis
- Ventral Tegmental Area and the Substantia Nigra
- Relay station for auditory and visual information
Midbrain
Mid-brain
Mid-bridge makes people cross over
Pons
Pons
- Houses the locus ceruleus
(area of norepinephrine synthesis)
- Communicates sensory messages & movement from cerebellum to cerebrum
- “Bridge”
- Eye and face movements
- Possible role in dream
Pom-pons
Bridge over a pond
Medulla
Medulla
- Contains autonomic control center that regulate internal body functions
- Unconscious vital processes (circulation, heart rate, breathing)
“medusa” turns to stone
Doulah = midwife (brings life)
“med”-itation
Just “du” it (me-“du”-lla)
Breathing is “dull”
Me-du-llah sounds like heartbeat
- Equilibrium
- Gross movement
control center
- Balance
- Posture
Cerebellum
Cere-“bal”-um
Cere-balance
Sarah-Ballerina
Two “ll”s look like balance beam
CereBelluM –Coordination, Balance, Movement
Belle of the ball (dancing = balance & coordination)
Antebellum (balance between slave & free)
Ball (need coordination to catch)