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Evolution of liberalism

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1760-1840

Industrial revolution

The main idea of the industrial revolution was to be the fastest producer and distributor. One problem companies were facing with all the competition was the workers, they just couldn't meet the number of product that needed to be made which lead to the development of new energy sources and new technologies. The machines easily replaces human labor and the previous workers would then tend to the machine.

Economic power was moving into the power of the companies and out of the hands of government. The revolution was great for developing new ways of finding stronger energy sources and making a process that would take a person 3 days where a machine could do it in 1 hour. One major part of this revolution was the defiance of the people. The people were being treated terribly. People died daily due to the machines, even children.

Out of this revolution groups like the Chartists and the Luddites came into play, where they were protesting the despicable treatment of literally thousands. The chartists were made up of the working middle class and aimed for political right and influences.

The Luddites were a groups that stood against similar ideas but they were strongly against self interest. The Luddites were a lot more physical and would go around a break the machines, mostly cotton, because they knew that the machine was stealing their jobs.

A philosopher that would most agree with this revolution would be Rousseau because he liked class structure but he would also disagree with this revolution because he believed people should be treated equal, and people should be able to make their own decisions.

1775-1783

American Revolution

Arising from the growing tensions between the 13 colonies and the colonial government (represented the British crown) the American Revolution. Attempts from the British government to raise revenue through taxing colonies were met by heated protests. Resented lack of representation and wanted the same rights as British subjects. Colonial resistance led to violence in 1770 during Boston Massacre when British soldiers soldiers opened fire on colonists, killing 5 men in the process.

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July 4, 1776, Continental Congress voted to introduce the Declaration of Independence. Fall of 1778, Americans were supported by the French, causing Cornwallis (British general) to surrender his armies, causing the triumph of American independence. September 3, 1783 Great Britain formally recognized America’s independence through the Treaty of Paris. Britain also signed peace treaties with France and Spain.

1991 August 6

Edmund Burke would have been both pleased and unhappy with this revolution. Pleased with that the result of it lead to a government with less tyranny and corruption plus leader with more humanitarian ideas. However he would have been displeased with it happening so quickly and the disorder caused during the revolution. Thomas Hobbes would also have been unhappy as people were now had more freedoms and more people had more sovereignty, which he disagreed with.

1789-1790's

The French Revolution

The french revolution was sparked when the king of France was spending a lot of money of the American revolution. As the king continued to spend all of Frances money he also put higher taxes for the people because France was losing money too fast. As the people of France heard more and more about the American revolution they also began to think outside the catholic rule. Giving the people of France philosophers and a craving for liberalism.

Philosophers

Philosophers like Montesquieu and Rousseau all were exploited for information as the revolution was developing. The people of France turned to them because the french revolution was a big part of liberalism because they literally fought brutally for freedom of the individual and gave definition to the words fighting for your rights. The french revolution links to many other events like the american revolution and the industrial revolution. Montesquieu wanted the destruction of powers and Rousseau because he was a big part in making the revolution possible

1870-1900

Gilded age

The high point of the Industrial Revolution when both America and Europe switched from an agricultural to an industrial one. Millions of immigrants and farmers went to the cities looking for work. Many cities were unprepared for such a rapid growth in population, slums began to spring up all over the place and living conditions were incredibly poor with lack of sanitation, heating, lighting, and medical care. Muckrakers would expose the corruption of politicians and the elite to report scandal and injustice. Millions died from easily preventable diseases. Many worked in sweatshops with poor working conditions with no benefits, low wages and were often dangerous. Housing of the aristocrats was magnificent, they has the wealth of royalty and built themselves ridiculously large estates. Social Darwinism was often used to justify the inequality between classes. By 1916, nearing the end of the Gilded Age, cities were much better with safer factories, less corrupt governments, better housing and wages. Entered Progressive Era in 1917.

Philosophers

Robert Owen would have been in support with the transition from the Gilded Age to the Progressive Era as it improved working conditions and wages for the working class. This began to make a smaller gap in between the classes, which also would have pleased Montesquieu who wished for the elimination of class during the French Revolution.

1750-1900

Universal Suffrage

This was a movement that wanted more general equality of the public. The universal suffrage was a political movement that states that everyone over the age of 18 should be allowed to vote. With minimal exceptions. The movement includes secret ballets, covered voting booths, and the right to vote in private.

The Philosophers

Philosophers and groups that would support this movement are the chartists, Montesquieu, mills, locke, Burke, luddites, and hobbes because they all want individuals to have voting rights and freedoms. They all want the distruction of individualism and self interest.

mid 20th century

Welfare Capitalism

A business-favoured policy that believes private business can provide welfare programs more effectively than federal governments. Began in Britain at the height of the Industrial Revolution private-sector employers needed programs that increased worker production through social welfare incentives. Welfare capitalism was the birth of employee pensions which encouraged employee loyalty through retirement benefits. As soldiers returned from WWll, social welfare was demanded as compensation and in Western Europe social welfare programs were mandated at the state level. This included heavy labour unions, socialized medicine, and government pensions.

Philosophers

Luddites would have been happy with the introduction of unions which would have protected many jobs and would have looked after those who had returned from war or grew ill. As a result of unions workers became more protected and it was much harder for them to lose their jobs which would have pleased the Luddites. Karl Marx would have been pleased about people in power taking on a more humanitarian approach to their people. While it was still a liberal society it was slow change without revolution for a more humane treatment of employees.

1929-1939

The Great Depression

Labeled one of the worst economic downturns in history. The great depression had caused half of the american banks to close and left million unemployed. The period before the great depression was labeled the roaring 20’s because the economy was booming, people were rich and they were spending. Stock market reached its peak in 1929, but after the market hit its peak it began to correct itself and that meant the prices were dropping. People began to take loans out of the bank and also started selling to make profits before it was worthless.

Initial response

Panic broke out and prices plummeted as people scrambled to sell. In november the banks began closing down due to no profit as all their customers were taking their money out and running the bank dry. Banks tried calling back their loans but no one had the money

The new deal

Made by Theodore Roosevelt wanted people to be able to help themselves and not constantly asking for the government's help. Roosevelt's new deal helped pull americans out of the depression. By creating more regulations and stronger laws. it was a series of deals that many philosophers who support collective right or individual right would support the new deal. Smith, mills, and Montesquieu would all be philosophers in support of the new deal because they all want individuals to think more for themselves and also be more self reliant

Welfare State

1945-present

A concept in government in which the state plays a key role in protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of citizens. Based on principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility on those unable to provide themselves with the basic necessities of life. An important feature is social insurance, a compulsory contribution to provide benefits to persons and families during times of great need. Also includes publicly providing of basic education, health services and housing (in some rare cases). Based off of early 20th century when laissez-faire was gradually abandoned and almost all states sought to provide at least some measure of social insurance.

Philosophers

Year

John Stuart Mills would have liked the newly introduced protection of individuals by both government and private sectors with welfare capitalism. Social insurance insured that the people were well looked after in their greatest needs. Most had individual freedoms with the abandonment of laissez-faire as they no longer had such great reliance on employers who treated them very poorly. Adam Smith would not have been happy about the abandonment of laissez-faire as his ideas were the basis of that type of economics. He still would have liked that it did not go back to mercantilist economics and people still worked for themselves.

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